Why do we need an Independent Judiciary?| Class 11 Polity Notes
Last Updated : 24 Apr, 2024
Disputes are inherent in any society, and the resolution of these conflicts is pivotal for maintaining social order and justice. However, to ensure fairness and equality before the law, an independent judiciary is indispensable.
The reasons why we need independent judiciary has been discuss thoroughly in the following article!
Why do we need an Independent Judiciary?
In any society, conflicts are inevitable among individuals, groups, and between individuals/groups and the government. Resolving such disputes impartially is essential, governed by the principle of the rule of law. This principle dictates that all individuals, irrespective of their wealth, gender, or social status, are subject to the same legal framework. The judiciary plays a pivotal role in upholding the rule of law, ensuring the supremacy of legal principles, safeguarding individual rights, and preventing the usurpation of democracy by individuals or groups.
Independence of the judiciary refers to its autonomy from other branches of government, particularly the executive and legislature, to ensure it can dispense justice without undue influence. This independence is upheld through several mechanisms:
- Non-interference: The executive and legislature must refrain from hindering the judiciary's functioning or influencing its decisions.
- Judicial autonomy: Judges should be able to perform their duties without fear or favor, devoid of any external pressures or biases.
- Appointment process: The process of appointing judges should be free from political interference. In India, the legislature is not directly involved in judge appointments to minimize partisan influence. Candidates are selected based on legal expertise rather than political affiliations.
- Security of tenure: Judges hold office until retirement age, ensuring stability and preventing arbitrary removal except in exceptional circumstances. The Constitution mandates a rigorous procedure for judge removal to safeguard against arbitrary dismissals.
- Financial independence: The judiciary's financial resources should be independent of the executive or legislature to prevent fiscal influence on judicial decisions. Salaries and allowances for judges are not subject to legislative approval.
- Immunity from criticism: Judges are protected from personal criticisms, and the judiciary has the power to penalize individuals for contempt of court. Parliamentary discussions on judges' conduct are limited to removal proceedings.
Constraints on judges' rulings include constitutional provisions, legal precedents, opinions of other courts, public opinion, media scrutiny, legal traditions, laws, time constraints, staff limitations, fear of public criticism, and fear of executive action.
The appointment of judges, although influenced by political considerations, aims to maintain a balance between the executive and judiciary. Collegiality among senior judges ensures a consultative process in appointments, enhancing judicial independence.
Removal of judges is a stringent process requiring a special majority in both houses of Parliament, ensuring that judicial tenure is not compromised by political whims. This balance of powers between the executive and legislature contributes to the independence of the judiciary.
Upholding the Rule of Law
At the core of an independent judiciary lies the principle of the rule of law. This principle dictates that all individuals, regardless of their social status or background, are subject to the same legal framework.
The judiciary acts as a guardian of the rule of law, ensuring its supremacy and protecting the rights of individuals.
Safeguarding Individual Rights
One of the primary functions of the judiciary is to safeguard the rights of individuals.
By adjudicating disputes in accordance with the law, the judiciary ensures that the rights and liberties of citizens are upheld and protected from any encroachment, be it from other individuals, groups, or the government.
Preventing Authoritarianism
In a democratic society, the judiciary serves as a bulwark against the concentration of power and the emergence of authoritarianism.
By remaining independent of political pressures, the judiciary helps prevent the erosion of democratic principles and ensures that governance remains accountable and transparent.
Ensuring Independence of the Judiciary
Non-interference from Other Branches of Government
Independence of the judiciary necessitates that other branches of government, such as the executive and legislature, refrain from unduly influencing or restraining its functioning. Judges must be able to perform their duties without fear or favor, and their decisions should be free from external pressures.
Appointment Process
The Indian Constitution has instituted measures to ensure the independence of the judiciary, particularly in the appointment of judges.
The involvement of the legislature in this process is minimal, aiming to mitigate the influence of party politics. Candidates are selected based on their legal expertise rather than their political affiliations.
Security of Tenure
Judges enjoy security of tenure, holding office until they reach the retirement age. This provision shields them from arbitrary removal and enables them to adjudicate cases without apprehension of reprisal.
The stringent procedure for the removal of judges underscores the importance of judicial independence.
Financial Autonomy
The judiciary's financial independence further reinforces its autonomy. Salaries and allowances of judges are not subject to legislative approval, ensuring that the judiciary remains immune to financial coercion or manipulation.
Challenges and Controversies
Judicial Appointments
Despite efforts to depoliticize the appointment process, judicial appointments remain contentious. Political considerations and ideological differences often influence these appointments, impacting the interpretation of laws and the judiciary's role in governance.
Removal Procedures
The removal of judges is a complex and arduous process, requiring a special majority in both houses of Parliament. While this safeguards against arbitrary removal, it also poses challenges in holding judges accountable for misconduct or incapacity.
Conclusion
An independent judiciary is indispensable for upholding the rule of law, safeguarding individual rights, and preserving democratic values. Through institutional safeguards and procedural mechanisms, it ensures impartiality, accountability, and transparency in the dispensation of justice, thereby fostering trust and confidence in the legal system.
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