Crystallization is a technique for separating solids from a solution or, to put it another way, a procedure for purifying things. This is the most frequent method for purifying seawater. Some salts have a few water molecules in their crystal structure as an essential component. The water of crystallisation refers to the water molecules that make up a crystal's structure. Hydrated salts are salts that contain the water that causes crystallization. Below is a detailed explanation of crystallisation of water, hydrated and anhydrous salts, and also the action of heat on the hydrated salts.
What is Water of Crystallization?
The water of crystallization refers to the water molecules that make up the structure of a salt crystal. Water that has been chemically linked into a crystal structure is known as the water of crystallization.
The production of crystals frequently requires the use of water. A fixed number of molecules in one formula of a unit of salt is referred to as water of crystallization. Hydrates are crystal salts that contain water during the crystallization process. The water of crystallization is also known as the water of hydration or crystallization water.
How Water of Crystallization Forms?
The formation of pure crystals from an aqueous solution causes the water to crystallize. Contaminants are not present in these crystals. Heat has a strong effect on these crystals. The water of crystallization, also known as hydration water, is made up of water molecules found inside crystals. In the production of crystals from aqueous solutions, water is frequently present. The water of crystallisation is the total quantity of water in a substance at a certain temperature and is usually present in a definite ratio in different situations. Water contained in the crystalline framework of a metal complex or a salt that is not directly bonded to the metal cation is known as "water of crystallization."
Many chemicals absorb water molecules into their crystalline frameworks after crystallization from water or water-containing solvents. Heating a sample may usually remove the water of crystallization, but the crystalline qualities are frequently lost. The dihydrate of sodium chloride, for example, is unstable at room temperature. Proteins crystallize with a lot of water in the crystal lattice, compared to inorganic salts.
Proteins with more than 50% water of crystallization and copper sulphate pentahydrate with five molecules of water of crystallization are examples of water of crystallization.
Nomenclature of Water of Crystallization
The Water of Crystallization is named in the following two ways based on the position of water in the crystal structure-
- Hydrated Compound . n H2O - When the number of the water molecule is added with the water molecule before representing the H2O component. e.g. CaCl2.2H2O.
- Hydrated Compound . (H2O)n - When the number of the water molecule is added to the water molecule in the subscript of the H2O component. e.g. ZnCl2(H2O)4.
Water of Crystallization Examples
- Copper Sulphate Pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) is the pentahydrate of Copper (2+) sulfate and it is a bright blue crystalline solid.
- Washing Soda (Na2CO3.10H2O) is an inorganic hydrate of sodium carbonate and has a white or colorless crystalline salt-like appearance.
- Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) is a soft sulfate mineral consisting of Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate. It has a dark color solid rock-like appearance.
- Tin (II) Chloride Dihydrate (SnCl2.2H2O) is a white crystalline solid.
Hydrated Salts
A hydrated salt is a crystalline salt molecule that is loosely connected to a small number of water molecules. When the anion of an acid and the cation of a base are joined to form an acid-base molecule, salt is formed. An anhydrate is a salt molecule that is not bound to any water molecules, while a hydrated salt is one that is bound to water molecules.
The water molecules in a hydrated salt are incorporated into the crystalline structure of the salt. A hydrated salt is one in which the ions in its crystalline structure are coupled with a number of water molecules. These water molecules are referred to as crystallisation fluids or hydration waters. Hydrated salts are salts that contain water during crystallisation. Every hydrated salt has a fixed number of crystallisation water molecules in its single 'formula unit.'
The following are some examples of hydrated salts.
- CuSO4.5H2O copper sulphate crystals, which include 5 molecules of crystallisation water in one formula unit. Copper sulphate pentahydrate is the chemical name for it.
- Calcium sulphate crystals, often known as gypsum crystals, are written as CaSO4.2H2O because they contain two molecules of water of crystallisation in one formula unit. Calcium sulphate dihydrate is another name for it.
- Sodium carbonate crystals, also known as washing soda crystals, are written as Na2CO3.10H2O because each formula unit contains 10 molecules of water of crystallisation. It's known as sodium carbonate decahydrate
Copper sulphate, Calcium sulphate, and Sodium carbonate are some of the hydrated salts based on the above-mentioned examples. Hydrated salts can be found in a variety of conditions, including freshwater. Salt has a flexible crystalline structure that allows it to easily bond to water molecules and becomes hydrated. Sodium chloride or salt absorbs water vapour in the air or comes into touch with liquid water. Free-flowing chemicals, for example, generate salt molecules when the compounds in a particular area's soil or rock dissolve and mix with the groundwater, eventually becoming hydrated with the water molecules.
Uses of Hydrated Salt
- Epsom salts are the most well-known application of hydrated salts in daily life. Many of the compounds found in salts are required by the human body. Those compounds, however, may be difficult to absorb or receive only through diet. People have traditionally taken healing baths in regions where hydrated salts naturally occur, believing them to have curative effects. Epsom salts are an example of this. Even though its medicinal properties haven't been proven, Epsom salt has commercial potential as a home remedy. Another important application of hydrated salt is in industry.
- Salt, including hydrated salts, has a wide range of industrial applications. Many industries depend on hydrated salt. In the chemical industry, salt is the primary constituent in more than half of the products. Glass, paper, rubber, and textile industries also employ hydrated salt.
- Salt is also employed as water-softening salt in both industrial and home water-softening systems. Furthermore, hydrated salt is employed extensively in the alternative energy sector because of its capacity to maintain a constant temperature for an extended period of time.
Anhydrous salts
Anhydrous refers to a substance that is completely devoid of water. Anhydrous salts are salts that have lost their water of crystallisation. As a result, anhydrous salts lack crystallisation water. An anhydrous salt becomes hydrated when water is introduced to it.
Calcium chloride, in its anhydrous state, has a variety of applications. It can also detect humidity in the air and vapour. Calcium chloride is used in several industrial safe checks to measure road erosion or cracks.
In experiments, removing moisture is important because it typically controls side reactions or other unexpected consequences in the chemicals being studied. Organic compounds can be dried with drying agents like Na2SO4 and MgSO4. When these anhydrous materials come into touch with water, however, the water is absorbed rather than merely evaporated. As a result, such drying solutions are incomplete, traces of water may be left behind, and compounds may be regarded as polluted as a result.
Action of Heat on Hydrated Salts
When hydrated salts are heated to high temperatures, they lose their crystallisation water. The hydrated salts lose their regular shape and colour when the water of crystallisation is lost, and they become colourless powdery particles. Since there is no water of crystallisation in anhydrous salts, so when water is added to an anhydrous salt, it hydrates and returns to its original colour. The following example will help to clarify this.
The copper sulphate crystals are blue in colour. When copper sulphate crystals are heated to a high temperature, they lose all of their water and become anhydrous copper sulphate, which is white.
CuSO4.5H2O → CuSO4 + 5H2O
(Hydrated copper sulphate) (Anhydrous copper sulphate) (Water)
As a result of the loss of water during crystallisation, blue copper sulphate crystals turn white when heated vigorously. Copper sulphate crystal dehydration is a reversible process. As a result, adding water to anhydrous copper sulphate causes it to become hydrated and turn blue, resulting in the production of hydrated copper sulphate.
CuSO4 + 5H2O → CuSO4.5H2O
(Anhydrous copper sulphate) (Water) (Hydrated copper sulphate)
When you add water to anhydrous copper sulphate, it turns blue. This property of anhydrous copper sulphate is utilised to detect the presence of moisture or water in a liquid. To white anhydrous copper sulphate powder, a few drops of the liquid to be tested are added. The presence of moisture or water in anhydrous copper sulphate is indicated by the appearance of blue colour.
Question 1: Which of the following salts has no Water of Crystallization? Blue vitriol, Baking soda, Washing soda, and Gypsum.
Answer:
Out of the four given salts, only baking soda does not contain water of crystallization as its chemical formula is NaHCO3.
Question 2: Name a salt which does not contain Water of Crystallization.
Answer:
There is a huge number of salts that does not contain water of crystallization, that are Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3), Potassium Chloride (KCl), Potassium Nitrate (KNO3), etc.
Question 3: Give any three compounds comprising water of crystallization.
Answer:
Here is the list of Salts that comprising of water of crystallization:
- Copper (II) Sulfate Pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O),
- Cobalt (II) Chloride Hexahydrate (CoCl2.6H2O),
- Tin (II) (or Stannous) Chloride Dihydrate (SnCl2.2H2O), etc.
Question 4: Why do salts containing water of crystallization appear to be perfectly dry?
Answer:
The water of crystallization is a part of the crystal structure of water. Since the water of crystallization is not free water, so it does not wet the salt. Thus, the salts containing water of crystallization appear to be perfectly dry.
Question 5: How is the water of crystallization useful for the crystals of salts?
Answer:
The water of crystallization gives the crystals of salts their shape and in some cases imparts their colour. For example, the presence of the water of crystallization in iron sulphate crystals imparts them a green colour.
Question 6: Write the name and formula of a salt that has five molecules of crystallisation water in it.
Answer:
Copper sulphate crystals include five molecules of water of crystallisation in one formula unit. Its formula is CuSO4.5H2O.
Question 7: What is the colour of FeSO4.7H2O crystals? What happens to the colour when it's heated?
Answer:
FeSO4.7H2O crystals are green in colour. It loses the water of crystallisation when heated, resulting in anhydrous ferrous sulphate. It has a reddish-brown colour to it.
Question 8: Is water present in anhydrous sodium chloride crystals?
Answer:
Since there are no water molecules in an anhydrous material, so there is no water present in anhydrous sodium chloride crystals. These anhydrous crystals were created by carefully eliminating the water of crystallisation from hydrated salts.
Question 9: Why do copper sulphate crystals change colour when heated?
Answer:
The blue colour of the copper sulphate crystals turns white on heating because of the loss of water during crystallisation.
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Hydrogenation of OilsThe process of hydrogenation involves an addition reaction. Hydrogenation is adding hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain a saturated hydrocarbon. The addition reaction is one of carbon's chemical properties. Only unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes and alkynes) give the addition reactions.
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EthanolEthanol also called Ethyl Alcohol is a commercially important organic compound. It is the second member of the alcohol family and is used for a variety of purposes. It is sometimes also called Alcohol and it is used by humans for consumption. Ethanol is also represented as, EtOH. Ethanol is the IUPA
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Cleansing Action of Soaps and DetergentsIn our day to day lives, we often use detergents and soaps to clean the dirt off our clothes. Have you ever wondered what soap molecule is made up of or how it cleanses the dirt? In this article, we shall look upon the structure of soap and its cleansing action but before that, we shall give a simpl
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Difference Between Soap and DetergentSoaps and Detergents are cleaning agents that are used to remove dirt and other undesirable particles from the human body, its clothes, and other surfaces. Both soap and detergents are used for cleaning action but there are quite differences between them, and the differences between them if discusse
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Chapter 5: Periodic Classification of Elements
Dobereiners Triads - Definition, Types, LimitationsSince ancient times, there have been various attempts to classify the elements into groups according to their properties. As the new elements were discovered, a number of theories came up to classify the elements. Various scientists used various approaches and facts to justify their classification.
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Newland’s Law of OctavesNewland's Law of Octaves also called Law of Octaves was one of the initial attempts to arrange all the known chemical elements in a table to make their study better. In Newland's Law of Octaves, elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic mass and it is seen that the property of th
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Classification of ElementsPeriodic categorization of elements is a way of grouping elements based on their characteristics, such as keeping elements that are similar in one group and the rest of the elements in the other. The elements are grouped in the long-form periodic table in order of their atomic numbers. The atomic nu
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Mendeleev Periodic TableMendeleev's Periodic Table was the first bold attempt to arrange all the known elements in a proper manner. This table was based on the principle of Mendeleev’s Periodic Law and was a significant step made in the direction of arranging all the known elements. According to Mendeleev, the characterist
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Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic TableThe study of a huge number of elements is condensed into a few groups of elements, with elements belonging to the same group sharing similar properties. The known elements were classified using Dobereiner's Triads, Newland's law of octaves, and Mendeleev's periodic table. The periodic table of Mende
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Anomalies of Mendeleev’s Periodic TableThe study of a large number of elements is reduced to a few groups of elements if all the elements are divided into a few groups, in such a way that elements in the same group have similar properties. Dobereiner's Triads, Newland's law of octaves, Mendeleev's periodic table all helped to classify th
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Modern Periodic LawAll matter in our environment is made up of basic units known as elements. Initially, only 31 chemical elements were discovered in 1800 and it was easier to study their chemical and other properties. However, as more and more elements were discovered due to technological advancements in science, it
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Periodic Table of ElementsThe Periodic table of elements is a systematic arrangement of 118 known chemical elements. These chemical elements are organized in order of increasing atomic number. The horizontal rows from left to right are called periods while the vertical columns from top to bottom are called groups in a period
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Characteristics of the Periods and Groups of the Periodic TableThe physical and chemical properties of elements in the modern periodic table exhibit a consistent variation throughout periods and groups. Several properties of elements, such as the number of valence electrons, valency, atom size, and metallic character, vary as you move from left to right in a pe
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Merits of the Modern Periodic TableChemists have always tried to arrange the elements in a way that reflects the similarities in their properties. The elements in the modern periodic table are listed in order of increasing atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom). Previously the scientists tried to arrange the
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