Observer Design Pattern Last Updated : 23 Jul, 2025 Comments Improve Suggest changes Like Article Like Report The Observer Design Pattern is a behavioral design pattern that defines a one-to-many dependency between objects. When one object (the subject) changes state, all its dependents (observers) are notified and updated automatically. Table of ContentWhat is the Observer Design Pattern?Real-world analogy of the Observer Design PatternComponents of Observer Design PatternObserver Design Pattern ExampleWhen to use the Observer Design Pattern?When not to use the Observer Design Pattern?What is the Observer Design Pattern?The Observer Design Pattern is a behavioral design pattern that defines a one-to-many dependency between objects. When one object (the subject) changes state, all its dependents (observers) are notified and updated automatically. It primarily deals with the interaction and communication between objects, specifically focusing on how objects behave in response to changes in the state of other objects.Note: Subjects are the objects that maintain and notify observers about changes in their state, while Observers are the entities that react to those changes.Below are some key points about observer design pattern:Defines how a group of objects (observers) interact based on changes in the state of a subject.Observers react to changes in the subject's state.The subject doesn't need to know the specific classes of its observers, allowing for flexibility.Observers can be easily added or removed without affecting the subject.Real-world analogy of the Observer Design PatternLet's understand the observer design pattern through a real-world example:Imagine a scenario where a weather station is observed by various smart devices. The weather station maintains a list of registered devices. Weather Station will update all the devices whenever there is change in the weather.Each of the devices are concrete observers and each have their ways to interpret and display the information. The Observer Design Pattern provides a flexible and scalable system where adding new devices or weather stations doesn't disrupt the overall communication, providing real-time and location-specific weather updates to users.Components of Observer Design PatternBelow are the main components of Observer Design Pattern:Subject:The subject maintains a list of observers (subscribers or listeners). It Provides methods to register and unregister observers dynamically and defines a method to notify observers of changes in its state.Observer:Observer defines an interface with an update method that concrete observers must implement and ensures a common or consistent way for concrete observers to receive updates from the subject.ConcreteSubject: ConcreteSubjects are specific implementations of the subject. They hold the actual state or data that observers want to track. When this state changes, concrete subjects notify their observers. For instance, if a weather station is the subject, specific weather stations in different locations would be concrete subjects.ConcreteObserver:Concrete Observer implements the observer interface. They register with a concrete subject and react when notified of a state change. When the subject's state changes, the concrete observer's update() method is invoked, allowing it to take appropriate actions. For example, a weather app on your smartphone is a concrete observer that reacts to changes from a weather station.Observer Design Pattern ExampleTo understand observer design pattern, lets take an example:Consider a scenario where you have a weather monitoring system. Different parts of your application need to be updated when the weather conditions change.Challenges or difficulties while implementing this system without Observer Design PatternComponents interested in weather updates would need direct references to the weather monitoring system, leading to tight coupling.Adding or removing components that react to weather changes requires modifying the core weather monitoring system code, making it hard to maintain.How Observer Pattern helps to solve above challenges?The Observer Pattern facilitates the decoupling of the weather monitoring system from the components that are interested in weather updates (via interfaces). Every element can sign up as an observer, and observers are informed when the weather conditions change. The weather monitoring system is thus unaffected by the addition or removal of components. Below is the code of above problem statement using Observer Pattern:1. SubjectThe "Subject" interface outlines the operations a subject (like "WeatherStation") should support."addObserver" and "removeObserver" are for managing the list of observers."notifyObservers" is for informing observers about changes. Java public interface Subject { void addObserver(Observer observer); void removeObserver(Observer observer); void notifyObservers(); } 2. ObserverThe "Observer" interface defines a contract for objects that want to be notified about changes in the subject ("WeatherStation" in this case).It includes a method "update" that concrete observers must implement to receive and handle updates. Java public interface Observer { void update(String weather); } 3. ConcreteSubject(WeatherStation)"WeatherStation" is the concrete subject implementing the "Subject" interface.It maintains a list of observers ("observers") and provides methods to manage this list."notifyObservers" iterates through the observers and calls their "update" method, passing the current weather."setWeather" method updates the weather and notifies observers of the change. Java import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; public class WeatherStation implements Subject { private List<Observer> observers = new ArrayList<>(); private String weather; @Override public void addObserver(Observer observer) { observers.add(observer); } @Override public void removeObserver(Observer observer) { observers.remove(observer); } @Override public void notifyObservers() { for (Observer observer : observers) { observer.update(weather); } } public void setWeather(String newWeather) { this.weather = newWeather; notifyObservers(); } } 4. ConcreteObserver(PhoneDisplay)"PhoneDisplay" is a concrete observer implementing the "Observer" interface.It has a private field weather to store the latest weather.The "update" method sets the new weather and calls the "display" method."display" prints the updated weather to the console. Java public class PhoneDisplay implements Observer { private String weather; @Override public void update(String weather) { this.weather = weather; display(); } private void display() { System.out.println("Phone Display: Weather updated - " + weather); } } 5. ConcreteObserver(TVDisplay)"TVDisplay" is another concrete observer similar to "PhoneDisplay".It also implements the "Observer" interface, with a similar structure to "PhoneDisplay". Java class TVDisplay implements Observer { private String weather; @Override public void update(String weather) { this.weather = weather; display(); } private void display() { System.out.println("TV Display: Weather updated - " + weather); } } 6. UsageIn "WeatherApp", a "WeatherStation" is created.Two observers ("PhoneDisplay" and "TVDisplay") are registered with the weather station using "addObserver".The "setWeather" method simulates a weather change to "Sunny," triggering the "update" method in both observers.The output shows how both concrete observers display the updated weather information. Java public class WeatherApp { public static void main(String[] args) { WeatherStation weatherStation = new WeatherStation(); Observer phoneDisplay = new PhoneDisplay(); Observer tvDisplay = new TVDisplay(); weatherStation.addObserver(phoneDisplay); weatherStation.addObserver(tvDisplay); // Simulating weather change weatherStation.setWeather("Sunny"); // Output: // Phone Display: Weather updated - Sunny // TV Display: Weather updated - Sunny } } Complete code for the above exampleBelow is the complete code for the above example: Java import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; // Observer Interface interface Observer { void update(String weather); } // Subject Interface interface Subject { void addObserver(Observer observer); void removeObserver(Observer observer); void notifyObservers(); } // ConcreteSubject Class class WeatherStation implements Subject { private List<Observer> observers = new ArrayList<>(); private String weather; @Override public void addObserver(Observer observer) { observers.add(observer); } @Override public void removeObserver(Observer observer) { observers.remove(observer); } @Override public void notifyObservers() { for (Observer observer : observers) { observer.update(weather); } } public void setWeather(String newWeather) { this.weather = newWeather; notifyObservers(); } } // ConcreteObserver Class class PhoneDisplay implements Observer { private String weather; @Override public void update(String weather) { this.weather = weather; display(); } private void display() { System.out.println("Phone Display: Weather updated - " + weather); } } // ConcreteObserver Class class TVDisplay implements Observer { private String weather; @Override public void update(String weather) { this.weather = weather; display(); } private void display() { System.out.println("TV Display: Weather updated - " + weather); } } // Usage Class public class WeatherApp { public static void main(String[] args) { WeatherStation weatherStation = new WeatherStation(); Observer phoneDisplay = new PhoneDisplay(); Observer tvDisplay = new TVDisplay(); weatherStation.addObserver(phoneDisplay); weatherStation.addObserver(tvDisplay); // Simulating weather change weatherStation.setWeather("Sunny"); // Output: // Phone Display: Weather updated - Sunny // TV Display: Weather updated - Sunny } } Output Phone Display: Weather updated - Sunny TV Display: Weather updated - Sunny When to use the Observer Design Pattern?Below is when to use observer design pattern:When you need one object to notify multiple others about changes.When you want to keep objects loosely connected, so they don’t rely on each other’s details.When you want observers to automatically respond to changes in the subject’s state.When you want to easily add or remove observers without changing the main subject.When you’re dealing with event systems that require various components to react without direct connections.When not to use the Observer Design Pattern?Below is when not to use observer design pattern:When the relationships between objects are simple and don’t require notifications.When performance is a concern, as many observers can lead to overhead during updates.When the subject and observers are tightly coupled, as it defeats the purpose of decoupling.When number of observers is fixed and won’t change over time.When the order of notifications is crucial, as observers may be notified in an unpredictable sequence. 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