Sum of XOR of all pairs in an array

Last Updated : 29 Mar, 2024

Given an array of n integers, find the sum of xor of all pairs of numbers in the array.

Examples :

Input : arr[] = {7, 3, 5}
Output : 12
7 ^ 3 = 4
3 ^ 5 = 6
7 ^ 5 = 2
Sum = 4 + 6 + 2 
    = 12

Input : arr[] = {5, 9, 7, 6}
Output : 47
5 ^ 9 = 12
9 ^ 7 = 14
7 ^ 6 = 1
5 ^ 7 = 2
5 ^ 6 = 3
9 ^ 6 = 15
Sum = 12 + 14 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 15
    = 47

Naive Solution: A Brute Force approach is to run two loops and time complexity is O(n²).

C++

   // A Simple C++ program to compute 
// sum of bitwise OR of all pairs 
#include <bits/stdc++.h> 
using namespace std; 
  
// Returns sum of bitwise OR 
// of all pairs 
int pairORSum(int arr[], int n) 
{ 
    int ans = 0; // Initialize result 
  
    // Consider all pairs (arr[i], arr[j) such that 
    // i < j 
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
        for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) 
            ans += arr[i] ^ arr[j]; 
  
    return ans; 
} 
  
// Driver program to test above function 
int main() 
{ 
    int arr[] = { 5, 9, 7, 6 }; 
    int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]); 
    cout << pairORSum(arr, n) << endl; 
    return 0; 
}
 
  

Java

   // A Simple Java program to compute 
// sum of bitwise OR of all pairs 
import java.io.*; 
  
class GFG { 
      
              
    // Returns sum of bitwise OR 
    // of all pairs 
    static int pairORSum(int arr[], int n) 
    { 
        // Initialize result 
        int ans = 0;  
      
        // Consider all pairs (arr[i], arr[j)  
        // such that i < j 
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
            for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) 
                ans += arr[i] ^ arr[j]; 
      
        return ans; 
    } 
  
    // Driver program to test above function 
    public static void main (String[] args) { 
     
        int arr[] = { 5, 9, 7, 6 }; 
        int n = arr.length; 
          
        System.out.println(pairORSum(arr, 
                                arr.length)); 
    } 
} 
//This code is contributed by vt_m
 
  

Python3

   # A Simple Python 3 program to compute 
# sum of bitwise OR of all pairs 
  
# Returns sum of bitwise OR 
# of all pairs 
def pairORSum(arr, n) : 
    ans = 0     # Initialize result 
  
    # Consider all pairs (arr[i], arr[j)  
    # such that i < j 
    for i in range(0, n) : 
          
        for j in range(i + 1, n) : 
              
            ans = ans + (arr[i] ^ arr[j]) 
              
    return ans 
      
# Driver Code 
arr = [ 5, 9, 7, 6 ] 
n = len(arr) 
  
print(pairORSum(arr, n)) 
  
# This code is contributed by Nikita Tiwari.

C#

   // A Simple C# program to compute 
// sum of bitwise OR of all pairs 
using System; 
  
class GFG { 
      
              
    // Returns sum of bitwise OR 
    // of all pairs 
    static int pairORSum(int []arr, int n) 
    { 
        // Initialize result 
        int ans = 0;  
      
        // Consider all pairs (arr[i], arr[j)  
        // such that i < j 
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
            for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) 
                ans += arr[i] ^ arr[j]; 
      
        return ans; 
    } 
  
    // Driver program to test above function 
    public static void Main () { 
      
        int []arr = { 5, 9, 7, 6 }; 
        int n = arr.Length; 
          
        Console.WriteLine(pairORSum(arr, 
                                arr.Length)); 
    } 
} 
  
  
// This code is contributed by vt_m
 
  

Javascript

   // A Simple Javascript program to compute 
// sum of bitwise OR of all pairs 
 
// Returns sum of bitwise OR 
// of all pairs 
const pairORSum = (arr, n) => { 
    let ans = 0; // Initialize result 
 
    // Consider all pairs (arr[i], arr[j) such that 
    // i < j 
    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) 
        for (let j = i + 1; j < n; j++) 
            ans += arr[i] ^ arr[j]; 
 
    return ans; 
} 
 
// Driver program to test above function 
let arr = [5, 9, 7, 6]; 
let n = arr.length; 
document.write(pairORSum(arr, n)); 
 
// This code is contributed by rakeshsahni 
 
  

PHP

   <?php 
// A Simple PHP program to compute 
// sum of bitwise OR of all pairs 
  
// Returns sum of bitwise OR 
// of all pairs 
function pairORSum($arr, $n) 
{ 
      
    // Initialize result 
    $ans = 0;  
  
    // Consider all pairs  
    // (arr[i], arr[j) such that 
    // i < j 
    for ( $i = 0; $i < $n; $i++) 
        for ( $j = $i + 1; $j < $n; $j++) 
            $ans += $arr[$i] ^ $arr[$j]; 
  
    return $ans; 
} 
  
    // Driver Code 
    $arr = array( 5, 9, 7, 6 ); 
    $n = count($arr); 
    echo pairORSum($arr, $n) ; 
  
// This code is contributed by anuj_67. 
  
?> 
 
  

Output

Efficient Solution: An Efficient Solution can solve this problem in O(n) time. The assumption here is that integers are represented using 32 bits. Optimized solution will be to try bit manipulation. To implement the solution, we consider all bits which are 1 and which are 0 and store their count in two different variables. Next multiple those counts along with the power of 2 raised to that bit position. Do this for all the bit positions of the numbers. Their sum would be our answer.
How this actually works?
For example, look at the rightmost bit of all the numbers in the array. Suppose that numbers have a rightmost 0-bit, and b numbers have a 1-bit. Then out of the pairs, a*b of them will have 1 in the rightmost bit of the XOR. This is because there are a*b ways to choose one number that has a 0-bit and one that has a 1-bit. These bits will therefore contribute a*b towards the total of all the XORs.In general, when looking at the nth bit (where the rightmost bit is the 0th), count how many numbers have 0 (call this an) and how many have 1 (call this bn). The contribution towards the final sum will be an*bn*pow(2,n). You need to do this for each bit and sum all these contributions together.This can be done in O(kn) time, where k is the number of bits in the given values.

Explanation :  arr[] = { 7, 3, 5 }
7 = 1 1 1
3 = 0 1 1
5 = 1 0 1
For bit position 0 : 
    Bits with zero = 0
    Bits with one = 3
    Answer = 0 * 3 * 2 ^ 0 = 0

Similarly, for bit position 1 :
    Bits with zero = 1
    Bits with one = 2
    Answer = 1 * 2 * 2 ^ 1 = 4

Similarly, for bit position 2 :
    Bits with zero = 1
    Bits with one = 2
    Answer = 1 * 2 * 2 ^ 2 = 8
 Final answer = 0 + 4 + 8 = 12

CPP

   // An efficient C++ program to compute  
// sum of bitwise OR of all pairs 
#include <bits/stdc++.h> 
using namespace std; 
  
// Returns sum of bitwise OR 
// of all pairs 
long long int sumXOR(int arr[], int n) 
{ 
    long long int sum = 0; 
    for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++)  
    { 
        //  Count of zeros and ones 
        int zc = 0, oc = 0;  
          
        // Individual sum at each bit position 
        long long int idsum = 0;  
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) 
        { 
            if (arr[j] % 2 == 0) 
                zc++; 
            else
                oc++; 
            arr[j] /= 2; 
        } 
          
        // calculating individual bit sum  
        idsum = oc * zc * (1 << i);  
  
        // final sum     
        sum += idsum;  
    } 
    return sum; 
} 
  
int main() 
{ 
    long long int sum = 0; 
    int arr[] = { 5, 9, 7, 6 }; 
    int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]); 
    sum = sumXOR(arr, n); 
    cout << sum; 
    return 0; 
} 
 
  

Java

   // An efficient Java program to compute  
// sum of bitwise OR of all pairs 
import java.io.*; 
  
class GFG { 
      
    // Returns sum of bitwise OR 
    // of all pairs 
    static long sumXOR(int arr[], int n) 
    { 
        long sum = 0; 
        for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++)  
        { 
            // Count of zeros and ones 
            int zc = 0, oc = 0;  
              
            // Individual sum at each bit position 
            long idsum = 0;  
              
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) 
            { 
                if (arr[j] % 2 == 0) 
                    zc++; 
                      
                else
                    oc++; 
                arr[j] /= 2; 
            } 
              
            // calculating individual bit sum  
            idsum = oc * zc * (1 << i);  
      
            // final sum  
            sum += idsum;  
        } 
        return sum; 
    } 
      
    // Driver Code 
    public static void main(String args[]) 
    { 
        long sum = 0; 
        int arr[] = { 5, 9, 7, 6 }; 
        int n = arr.length; 
          
        sum = sumXOR(arr, n); 
        System.out.println(sum); 
    } 
} 
  
// This code is contributed by Nikita Tiwari. 
 
  

Python3

   # An efficient Python3 program to compute  
# sum of bitwise OR of all pair 
  
# Returns sum of bitwise OR 
# of all pairs 
def sumXOR( arr,  n): 
      
    sum = 0
    for i in range(0, 32): 
  
        #  Count of zeros and ones 
        zc = 0
        oc = 0
           
        # Individual sum at each bit position 
        idsum = 0
        for j in range(0, n): 
            if (arr[j] % 2 == 0): 
                zc = zc + 1
                  
            else: 
                oc = oc + 1
            arr[j] = int(arr[j] / 2) 
          
           
        # calculating individual bit sum  
        idsum = oc * zc * (1 << i) 
   
        # final sum     
        sum = sum + idsum;  
      
    return sum
  
  
  
# driver function  
sum = 0
arr = [  5, 9, 7, 6 ] 
n = len(arr) 
sum = sumXOR(arr, n); 
print (sum) 
  
# This code is contributed by saloni1297 
 
  

C#

   // An efficient C# program to compute  
// sum of bitwise OR of all pairs 
using System; 
  
class GFG { 
      
    // Returns sum of bitwise OR 
    // of all pairs 
    static long sumXOR(int []arr, int n) 
    { 
        long sum = 0; 
        for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++)  
        { 
            // Count of zeros and ones 
            int zc = 0, oc = 0;  
              
            // Individual sum at each bit position 
            long idsum = 0;  
              
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) 
            { 
                if (arr[j] % 2 == 0) 
                    zc++; 
                      
                else
                    oc++; 
                arr[j] /= 2; 
            } 
              
            // calculating individual bit sum  
            idsum = oc * zc * (1 << i);  
      
            // final sum  
            sum += idsum;  
        } 
        return sum; 
    } 
      
    // Driver Code 
    public static void Main() 
    { 
        long sum = 0; 
        int []arr = { 5, 9, 7, 6 }; 
        int n = arr.Length; 
          
        sum = sumXOR(arr, n); 
        Console.WriteLine(sum); 
    } 
} 
  
// This code is contributed by vt_m. 
 
  

JavaScript

   <script> 
    // An efficient JavaScript program to compute 
    // sum of bitwise OR of all pairs 
  
    // Returns sum of bitwise OR 
    // of all pairs 
    const sumXOR = (arr, n) => { 
        let sum = 0; 
        for (let i = 0; i < 32; i++) { 
  
            // Count of zeros and ones 
            let zc = 0, oc = 0; 
  
            // Individual sum at each bit position 
            let idsum = 0; 
            for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) { 
                if (arr[j] % 2 == 0) 
                    zc++; 
                else
                    oc++; 
                arr[j] = parseInt(arr[j] / 2); 
            } 
  
            // calculating individual bit sum 
            idsum = oc * zc * (1 << i); 
  
            // final sum     
            sum += idsum; 
        } 
        return sum; 
    } 
  
    let sum = 0; 
    let arr = [5, 9, 7, 6]; 
    let n = arr.length; 
    sum = sumXOR(arr, n); 
    document.write(sum); 
  
    // This code is contributed by rakeshsahni 
  
</script> 
  
?> 
 
  

PHP

   <?php 
// An efficient PHP program to compute  
// sum of bitwise OR of all pairs 
  
// Returns sum of bitwise OR 
// of all pairs 
function sumXOR($arr, $n) 
{ 
    $sum = 0; 
    for ($i = 0; $i < 32; $i++)  
    { 
        // Count of zeros and ones 
        $zc = 0; $oc = 0;  
          
        // Individual sum at each 
        // bit position 
        $idsum = 0;  
        for ($j = 0; $j < $n; $j++) 
        { 
            if ($arr[$j] % 2 == 0) 
                $zc++; 
            else
                $oc++; 
                  
            $arr[$j] /= 2; 
        } 
          
        // calculating individual bit sum  
        $idsum = $oc * $zc * (1 << $i);  
  
        // final sum  
        $sum += $idsum;  
    } 
      
    return $sum; 
} 
  
// Driver code 
    $sum = 0; 
    $arr = array( 5, 9, 7, 6 ); 
    $n = count($arr); 
    $sum = sumXOR($arr, $n); 
    echo $sum; 
  
// This code is contributed by anuj_67 
 
  

Output:

Count of odd and even sum pairs in an array

premkagrani

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Sum of XOR of all pairs in an array

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JavaScript

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