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Introduction to Scala
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Scala Programming Language

Last Updated : 06 May, 2025
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Scala is a general-purpose, high-level, multi-paradigm programming language. It is a pure object-oriented programming language which also provides support to the functional programming approach. Scala programs can convert to bytecodes and can run on the JVM (Java Virtual Machine). Scala stands for Scalable language. It also provides Javascript runtimes. Scala is highly influenced by Java and some other programming languages like Lisp, Haskell, Pizza etc.

Recent Articles on Scala!

Overview

  • Introduction to Scala
  • Interesting fact about Scala
  • What makes Scala scalable?
  • Scala | Uniform Access Principle
  • Setting up the environment in Scala
  • How to install Scala in Linux?
  • How to install Scala in Windows?
  • Scala | REPL
  • Hello World in Scala
  • Scala vs Java
  • Python vs Scala
  • Difference between Kotlin and Scala

Basics

  • Scala Keywords
  • Scala Identifiers
  • Data Types in Scala
  • Variables in Scala
  • Scala Console | println, printf and readLine
  • Comments In Scala
  • Command Line Argument in Scala
  • Operators in Scala
  • Operators Precedence in Scala
  • Scope of Variables In Scala
  • Scala | Ranges
  • Scala | Literals
  • Scala | Type Inference
  • Scala | Null, null, Nil, Nothing, None, and Unit

Control Statements

  • Scala | Decision Making
  • Scala | Loops (while, do..while, for, nested loops)
  • For Loop in Scala
  • while and do while Loop in Scala
  • Break statement in Scala
  • Scala | yield Keyword

Methods

  • Scala | Functions
  • Currying Functions in Scala with Examples
  • Anonymous Functions in Scala
  • Higher Order Functions in Scala
  • Scala | Named Arguments
  • Scala | Functions Call-by-Name
  • Scala | Closures
  • Scala | Nested Functions
  • Parameterless Method in Scala
  • Scala Type Hierarchy
  • Scala | Lower Bound
  • Scala | Upper bound
  • Scala | Variances
  • Recursion in Scala
  • Tail Recursion in Scala
  • Scala | Partially Applied functions
  • Scala | Method Invocation
  • Scala | Format and Formatted Method
  • Controlling Method Scope In Scala
  • Scala | Repeated Method Parameters
  • Partial Functions in Scala
  • Lambda Expression in Scala
  • Scala Varargs
  • Scala | Function Composition
  • Implicit Conversions in Scala

OOP Concepts

  • Class and Object in Scala
  • Access Modifiers in Scala
  • Scala Constructors
  • Scala | Primary Constructor
  • Scala | Auxiliary Constructor
  • Getters and Setters in Scala
  • Scala | Controlling visibility of constructor fields
  • Scala this keyword
  • Inner class in Scala
  • Scala | Case Class and Case Object
  • Inheritance in Scala
  • Extending a Class in Scala
  • Calling A Super Class Constructor in Scala
  • Call a method on a Super Class in Scala
  • Singleton and Companion Objects
  • Scala | Polymorphism
  • Method Overloading in Scala
  • Method Overriding in Scala
  • Scala | Field Overriding
  • Abstract Classes in Scala
  • Scala | Abstract Type members
  • Value classes
  • Type Casting in Scala
  • Object Casting in Scala
  • Object Equality in Scala
  • Scala | Final
  • Generic Classes in Scala

String

  • Scala String
  • Scala | String Interpolation
  • Scala | StringContext
  • Regular Expressions in Scala
  • StringBuilder in Scala
  • String concatenation in Scala
  • Scala | Pattern Matching

Scala Trait

  • Scala | Traits
  • Scala | Sealed Trait
  • Scala | Trait Mixins
  • Trait Linearization in Scala
  • Scala | Trait App
  • Difference Between Traits and Abstract Classes in Scala
  • Scala Trait Traversable | Set-1
  • Scala Trait Traversable | Set-2
  • Scala Trait Traversable | Set-3
  • Scala Trait Traversable | Set-4

Scala Packages

  • Packages In Scala
  • Scala | Package Objects
  • Chained Package Clauses in Scala
  • File Handling in Scala

Collections

  • Scala Lists
  • Scala ListBuffer
  • ListSet in Scala
  • Scala | Arrays
  • Multidimensional Arrays in Scala
  • Scala | Create Array with Range
  • Scala | ArrayBuffer
  • Scala | Tuple
  • Set in Scala | Set-1
  • Set in Scala | Set-2
  • BitSet in Scala
  • HashSet In Scala
  • Stack in Scala
  • Scala Map
  • Scala | Methods to Call on a Map | Set-1
  • Scala | map() method
  • HashMap in Scala
  • ListMap in Scala
  • TreeSet in Scala
  • Scala | Reduce, fold or scan
  • Iterators in Scala

Scala Options and Exception Handling

  • Scala | Option
  • Scala | Methods to Call Option
  • Scala | unapplySeq() method
  • Scala | Exception Handling
  • Throw Keyword in Scala
  • Scala | Try-Catch Exceptions
  • Scala | Finally Exceptions
  • Scala | Either

Scala Annotation

  • Scala | Annotation
  • Scala | Self types Annotation

Miscellaneous Topics

  • Scala | Multithreading
  • Scala Extractors
  • Scala For Comprehensions
  • Scala | Sequence Comprehensions
  • The Factory Pattern in Scala
  • Scala | Lazy Evaluation
  • Monads in Scala
  • Lazy val and Infinite Sequences in Scala
  • Scala Stream
  • Recursive Streams and collection in Scala
  • Placeholder Syntax in Scala
  • Scala | Sieve of Eratosthenes
  • Using Extractors with Pattern Matching In Scala
  • Overriding Accessors and Mutators in Scala

Next Article
Introduction to Scala
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kartik
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Article Tags :
  • Scala
  • Scala

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    Overview

    • Scala is a general-purpose, high-level, multi-paradigm programming language. It is a pure object-oriented programming language which also provides support to the functional programming approach. Scala programs can convert to bytecodes and can run on the JVM (Java Virtual Machine). Scala stands for S
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    • Scala is a general-purpose, high-level, multi-paradigm programming language. It is a pure object-oriented programming language which also provides the support to the functional programming approach. There is no concept of primitive data as everything is an object in Scala. It is designed to express
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    • Scala is a very compatible language and thus can very easily be installed into the Windows and the Unix operating systems both very easily. In this tutorial, we learn about how to move on with the installation and the setting up of the environment in Scala. The most basic requirement is that we must
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    • The Hello World! the program is the most basic and first program when you dive into a new programming language. This simply prints the Hello World! on the output screen. In Scala, a basic program consists of the following: object Main Method Statements or Expressions Example: // Scala program to pri
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    Basics

    • Keywords or Reserved words are the words in a language that are used for some internal process or represent some predefined actions. These words are therefore not allowed to use as variable names or objects. Doing this will result in a compile-time error. Example: // Scala Program to illustrate the
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    • In programming languages, Identifiers are used for identification purpose. In Scala, an identifier can be a class name, method name, variable name or an object name. For example : class GFG{ var a: Int = 20 } object Main { def main(args: Array[String]) { var ob = new GFG(); } } In the above program
      3 min read
    • A data type is a categorization of data which tells the compiler that which type of value a variable has. For example, if a variable has an int data type, then it holds numeric value. In Scala, the data types are similar to Java in terms of length and storage. In Scala, data types are treated same o
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    • Variables are simply storage locations. Every variable is known by its name and stores some known and unknown piece of information known as value. So one can define a variable by its data type and name, a data type is responsible for allocating memory for the variable. In Scala there are two types o
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    Control Statements

    • Decision making in programming is similar to decision making in real life. In decision making, a piece of code is executed when the given condition is fulfilled. Sometimes these are also termed as the Control flow statements. Scala uses control statements to control the flow of execution of the prog
      5 min read
    • Looping in programming languages is a feature which facilitates the execution of a set of instructions/functions repeatedly while some condition evaluates to true. Loops make the programmers task simpler. Scala provides the different types of loop to handle the condition based situation in the progr
      5 min read
    • In Scala, we use a break statement to break the execution of the loop in the program. Scala programming language does not contain any concept of break statement(in above 2.8 versions), instead of break statement, it provides a break method, which is used to break the execution of a program or a loop
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    • Any constant value which can be assigned to the variable is called as literal/constant. The literals are a series of symbols utilized for describing a constant value in the code. There are many types of literals in Scala namely Character literals, String literals, Multi-Line String literals, Boolean
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    OOP Concepts

    • Classes and Objects are basic concepts of Object Oriented Programming which revolve around the real-life entities. Class A class is a user-defined blueprint or prototype from which objects are created. Or in other words, a class combines the fields and methods(member function which defines actions)
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    • Inheritance is an important pillar of OOP(Object Oriented Programming). It is the mechanism in Scala by which one class is allowed to inherit the features(fields and methods) of another class. Important terminology: Super Class: The class whose features are inherited is known as superclass(or a base
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    • An operator is a symbol that represents an operation to be performed with one or more operand. Operators are the foundation of any programming language. Operators allow us to perform different kinds of operations on operands. There are different types of operators used in Scala as follows: Arithmeti
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    • Singleton Object Scala is more object oriented language than Java so, Scala does not contain any concept of static keyword. Instead of static keyword Scala has singleton object. A Singleton object is an object which defines a single object of a class. A singleton object provides an entry point to yo
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    • Constructors are used to initializing the object’s state. Like methods, a constructor also contains a collection of statements(i.e. instructions) that are executed at the time of Object creation. Scala supports two types of constructors: Primary Constructor When our Scala program contains only one c
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    • Polymorphism is the ability of any data to be processed in more than one form. The word itself indicates the meaning as [Tex]poly [/Tex]means many and [Tex]morphism [/Tex]means types. Scala implements polymorphism through virtual functions, overloaded functions and overloaded operators. Polymorphism
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    • A process in which multiple threads executing simultaneously that is called multithreading. It allows you to perform multiple tasks independently. What are Threads in Scala? Threads are lightweight sub-processes which occupy less memory. A multi-threaded program contains two or more threads that can
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    • Keywords are the words in a language that are used to represent some predefined actions or some internal process. We use the this keyword when we want to introduce the current object for a class. Then using the dot operator (.), we can refer to instance variables, methods and constructors by using t
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    Methods

    • A function is a collection of statements that perform a certain task. One can divide up the code into separate functions, keeping in mind that each function must perform a specific task. Functions are used to put some common and repeated task into a single function, so instead of writing the same co
      3 min read
    • In Scala, An anonymous function is also known as a function literal. A function which does not contain a name is known as an anonymous function. An anonymous function provides a lightweight function definition. It is useful when we want to create an inline function. Syntax: (z:Int, y:Int)=> z*yOr
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    • Scala Closures are functions which uses one or more free variables and the return value of this function is dependent of these variable. The free variables are defined outside of the Closure Function and is not included as a parameter of this function. So the difference between a closure function an
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    • Recursion is a method which breaks the problem into smaller sub problems and calls itself for each of the problems. That is, it simply means function calling itself. We can use recursion instead of loops. Recursion avoids mutable state associated with loops. Recursion is quite common in functional p
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    • Method Overloading is the common way of implementing polymorphism. It is the ability to redefine a function in more than one form. A user can implement function overloading by defining two or more functions in a class sharing the same name. Scala can distinguish the methods with different method sig
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    • Method Overriding in Scala is identical to the method overriding in Java but in Scala, the overriding features are further elaborated as here, both methods as well as var or val can be overridden. If a subclass has the method name identical to the method name defined in the parent class then it is k
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    • Lambda Expression refers to an expression that uses an anonymous function instead of variable or value. Lambda expressions are more convenient when we have a simple function to be used in one place. These expressions are faster and more expressive than defining a whole function. We can make our lamb
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    • Most of the programming languages provide us variable length argument mobility to a function, Scala is not a exception. it allows us to indicate that the last argument of the function is a variable length argument. it may be repeated multiple times. It allows us to indicate that last argument of a f
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    Strings

    • A string is a sequence of characters. In Scala, objects of String are immutable which means a constant and cannot be changed once created. Creating a String in Scala There are two ways to create a string in Scala: Here, when the compiler meet to a string literal and creates a string object str. Synt
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    • String Interpolation refers to substitution of defined variables or expressions in a given String with respected values. String Interpolation provides an easy way to process String literals. To apply this feature of Scala, we must follow few rules: String must be defined with starting character as s
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    • StringContext is a class that is utilized in string interpolation, which permits the end users to insert the variables references without any intermediary in the processed String literals. This class supplies raw, s, and f methods by default as interpolators. The Linear Supertypes here are Serializa
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    • Regular Expressions explain a common pattern utilized to match a series of input data so, it is helpful in Pattern Matching in numerous programming languages. In Scala Regular Expressions are generally termed as Scala Regex. Regex is a class which is imported from the package scala.util.matching.Reg
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    Scala Packages

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    Scala Trait

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    Collections

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