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What is Pressure?

Last Updated : 04 Jun, 2025
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Have you ever thought about why a needle is so thin, why fence spikes are pointed, or why a hammer's head is flat? It’s all about pressure. Pressure is the force applied to a specific area. A needle’s sharp tip concentrates the force, allowing it to easily pierce fabric. If it were blunt, the force would spread out, making it harder to sew.

Similarly, the pointed spikes on a fence focus force at the tip, making them more effective at penetrating or deterring. In both cases, concentrating force over a small area makes the task easier and more efficient. Here, we will cover the concept of pressure, its formula, unit, and other key details.

Pressure Definition

Pressure is defined as the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object, divided by the area over which the force is distributed.

Pressure Formula,

The force of 'F' Newton is applied perpendicularly to the surface area 'A'. Then the formula that is used to calculate the pressure acting on an area is,

Pressure Formula
Force acting perpendicularly to the Area

P = F / A

where,

  • P is Pressure
  • F is Force Applied
  • A is Surface Area on which force is applied

From the above expression, it can be observed that pressure is inversely proportional to the area. Therefore, pressure decreases as the area increases, and pressure increases as the area decreases. In the formula, the area is in the denominator, meaning that for the same force, the smaller the area, the greater the pressure exerted on the surface.

For Example, If a person stands on a wooden floor wearing spiked metal cleats, the floor will be damaged because their weight is concentrated on a small area. However, when wearing regular shoes, the weight is distributed over a larger area, reducing the pressure, and preventing damage to the floor.

Snowshoes spread the weight over an even larger surface, decreasing the pressure on the snow and preventing the person from sinking. Similarly, a person can lie on a bed of nails because the weight is spread over many nails, reducing the pressure and preventing injury.

Unit of Pressure,

The SI units of pressure is given by N/m2 which is given the name a Pascal (Pa), named after the French philosopher, theologian, and scientist Blaise Pascal . The dimension formula of pressure is [ML-1T-2].

1 N/m2 = 1 Pa

Types of Pressure

There are various types of pressure but it can be broadly categorized into four categories :

  1. Atmospheric Pressure
  2. Differential Pressure
  3. Gauge Pressure
  4. Absolute Pressure

Read More, Types of Pressure.

Factors Affecting Pressure

Pressure depends on the surface area over which the force is applied, the larger the surface area the smaller the pressure applied and the smaller the surface area larger the pressure applied. Thus, we conclude that pressure is inversely proportional to the surface area over which the force is applied.

Pressure ∝  1 / Surface Area

Pressure


Pressure is also dependent on the force applied i.e. the more force we apply the more pressure is experienced. Thus, pressure is directly proportional to the force applied.

Pressure ∝  Force Applied

Thus, we can conclude that pressure depends on both the force applied and the surface area. This is evident in the following examples: when we carry a backpack with our hand, we experience more pressure because the weight is concentrated on a smaller area of our hand. However, when the same backpack is carried on our shoulder, the pressure is much lower because the weight is spread over a larger area.

Pressure Exerted by Liquid and Gas

Liquids pressure is also called Fluid pressure. Liquid generates pressure on the walls of the container they are placed in. The pressure exerted by a liquid on the bottom of a container is proportional to the liquid's height in the container.

The liquid exerts identical pressure on various spots on the same-depth container walls. Similarly, gases put pressure on the container's walls. The molecules of gas with higher kinetic energy smash with walls with great force, and as a result, these molecules exert pressure on the container's walls.

Let’s look at the following example:

  • Take a translucent glass tube or plastic pipe with sufficient length and diameter.
  • Take a thin sheet of good-quality rubber, like a rubber balloon.
  • Stretch the rubber sheet tightly over one end of the pipe.
  • Hold the pipe vertically by its middle and pour water into the pipe.
  • As water fills the pipe, the rubber sheet bulges, and the bulge increases as more water is added.
  • This shows that the pressure exerted by the water at the bottom of the container depends on the height of the water.

Solved Examples

Example 1: If the force of 10 N acts on an area of 2 m2. Find the pressure acting on that area.

Solution:

Given,
F = 10 N
A = 2 m2
P = F/A
P = 10/2 = 5
Thus, the pressure acting on the surface is 5 N/m2

Example 2: What is the force acting on the body of the pressure acting is 25 N/m2 and its surface area is 5 m2?

Solution:

Given,
P = F/A
25 = F/5
F = 25×5 = 125 N
Thus, the force acting on the surface is 125 N.

Example 3: If the force of 100 N acts on an area of 12 m2. Find the pressure acting on that area.

Solution:

Given,
P = F/A
P = 100/12 = 8.33
Thus, the pressure acting on the surface is 8.33 N/m2

Example 4: What is the force acting on the body of the pressure acting is 220 N/m2 and its surface area is 11 m2?

Solution:

Given,
P = F/A
220 = F/11
F = 220×11 = 2420 N
Thus, the force acting on the surface is 2420 N.

Conclusion

Pressure is defined as the force per unit area. P = F/A. The force acts perpendicular to the surface area A. This means that pressure is greatest when the force is concentrated on a smaller surface area, and vice versa, pressure decreases as the area increases.

Practice Questions

Q1. Find is the force acting on the body of the pressure acting is 22 pascal and its surface area is 11 cm2?

Q2. What is the surface area of the object in the force applied is 200 n and the pressure at the surface is, 12 Pascal?

Q3. If the force of 1.5 dyne acts on an area of 0.03 cm2. Find the pressure acting on that area.

Q4. If the force of 90 N acts on an area of 5 cm2. Find the pressure acting on that area.

Related Reads,

  • Force
  • Types of Forces
  • Buoyant Force
  • Viscosity
  • Difference between Buoyancy and Upthrust
  • Bernoulli’s Equation

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