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How do we hear?
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Refraction of Sound

Last Updated : 04 Feb, 2024
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A sound is a vibration that travels as a mechanical wave across a medium. It can spread via a solid, a liquid, or a gas as the medium. In solids, sound travels the quickest, comparatively more slowly in liquids, and the slowest in gases.

A sound wave is a pattern of disturbance caused by energy travelling away from the sound source. The constituents of sound are longitudinal waves. This demonstrates that vibrational particle propagation and the direction of energy wave propagation are parallel. When made to vibrate, atoms begin to oscillate. This continuous back-and-forth motion results in the formation of a high-pressure and a low-pressure zone in the medium. 

These high- and low-pressure zones are called compressions and rarefactions, respectively. As a result of these locations transmitting to the surrounding media, the sound waves go from one to the other.

Refraction of Sound

The bending of the sound waves when they enter a medium where the speed is different. Refraction, or bending of the wave path, is followed by a change in wave speed and wavelength. As a result, changing the medium (or its qualities) changes the speed of the wave. Refraction occurs when waves travel from one medium to another. Sound wave refraction is most noticeable when the sound wave passes through a material with progressively altering characteristics.

Condition of Refraction of Sound

The temperature of the medium has an impact on the speed of sound in the air, with the wave travelling more quickly at warmer temperatures and more slowly at cooler ones. The direction of propagation of sound waves varies when portions of the wave are in layers of a medium that are at different temperatures and, as a result, are moving at different speeds. This results in the refraction of sound waves.

Condition of Refraction of Sound

ECHO

An echo is a repeating sound caused by sound waves being reflected back. Sound waves may bounce off smooth, hard objects in the same manner as a rubber ball does. Despite the fact that the sound's direction changes, the echo sounds exactly like the original. Echoes can be heard in confined places with hard walls, such as wells, or in areas with a lot of hard surfaces. Echoes may be herded together in a canyon, cave, or mountain range. However, not all noises are reflected. If they come into contact with a soft surface, such as a cushion, they will be absorbed and will not bounce back.

ECHO

Minimum Distance Required To Hear An Echo

An echo is only heard if the distance between the person making the sound and the stiff obstruction is sufficient for the reflected sound to reach the person at least 0.1 seconds after the original sound is heard. Otherwise, the echo is undetectable even when it reaches the ears. This value may be computed and is 17.2 m for air and 70 m for water.

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  • Production and Propagation of Sound
  • Characteristics of Sound Waves
  • Audible and Inaudible Sounds

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    Electrostatics

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    Electrostatics is the study of electric charges that are fixed. It includes an study of the forces that exist between charges as defined by Coulomb's Law. The following concepts are involved in electrostatics: Electric charge, electric field, and electrostatic force.Electrostatic forces are non cont
    13 min read
    Electric Charge
    Electric Charge is the basic property of a matter that causes the matter to experience a force when placed in a electromagnetic field. It is the amount of electric energy that is used for various purposes. Electric charges are categorized into two types, that are, Positive ChargeNegative ChargePosit
    8 min read
    Coulomb's Law
    Coulomb’s Law is defined as a mathematical concept that defines the electric force between charged objects. Columb's Law states that the force between any two charged particles is directly proportional to the product of the charge but is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between t
    9 min read
    Electric Dipole
    An electric dipole is defined as a pair of equal and opposite electric charges that are separated, by a small distance. An example of an electric dipole includes two atoms separated by small distances. The magnitude of the electric dipole is obtained by taking the product of either of the charge and
    11 min read
    Dipole Moment
    Two small charges (equal and opposite in nature) when placed at small distances behave as a system and are called as Electric Dipole. Now, electric dipole movement is defined as the product of either charge with the distance between them. Electric dipole movement is helpful in determining the symmet
    6 min read
    Electrostatic Potential
    Electrostatic potential refers to the amount of electrical potential energy present at a specific point in space due to the presence of electric charges. It represents how much work would be done to move a unit of positive charge from infinity to that point without causing any acceleration. The unit
    12 min read
    Electric Potential Energy
    Electrical potential energy is the cumulative effect of the position and configuration of a charged object and its neighboring charges. The electric potential energy of a charged object governs its motion in the local electric field.Sometimes electrical potential energy is confused with electric pot
    15+ min read
    Potential due to an Electric Dipole
    The potential due to an electric dipole at a point in space is the electric potential energy per unit charge that a test charge would experience at that point due to the dipole. An electric potential is the amount of work needed to move a unit of positive charge from a reference point to a specific
    7 min read
    Equipotential Surfaces
    When an external force acts to do work, moving a body from a point to another against a force like spring force or gravitational force, that work gets collected or stores as the potential energy of the body. When the external force is excluded, the body moves, gaining the kinetic energy and losing a
    9 min read
    Capacitor and Capacitance
    Capacitor and Capacitance are related to each other as capacitance is nothing but the ability to store the charge of the capacitor. Capacitors are essential components in electronic circuits that store electrical energy in the form of an electric charge. They are widely used in various applications,
    11 min read
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