Ohm's Law was given by German physicist Georg Simon Ohm. It states the relationship between current, resistance, and voltage across an electrical circuit. This relationship between current I, voltage V, and resistance R was given by famous German scientist Georg Simon Ohm in 1827. He found conducting his experiment that the product of the current flowing through the conductor and the resistance of the conductor determines the voltage drop over that conductor in the circuit.
In this article, we will explore the concept of Ohm's Law in detail including all the topics mentioned in the following table of content.
Ohm's Law Definition
Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and temperatures remain constant.
Hence, according to Ohm's Law, the current flowing through the conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across the circuit, i.e. V ∝ I. Thus, as Ohm's Law provides the basic relation between the voltage applied and current through the conductor, it is considered as the basic law which helps us in dealing electric circuit. Ohm's Law states that the current follows a linear relationship with voltage.
Ohm’s Law Explanation
Ohm's Law is one of the fundamental laws of electrostatics which state that, the voltage across any conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing in that conductor. We can define this condition as,
V ∝ I
Removing the proportionality sign,
V = RI
where R is the proportionality constant and is called the Resistance of the material. The resistance of the material is calculated as,
R = V/I
Resistance is measured in Ohms. It is denoted by the symbol Ω.
Ohm’s Law Formula
Under the condition that all physical parameters and temperatures remain constant, Ohm's law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it.
Ohm's Law is stated as:
V ∝ I
OR
V = I × R
Where,
- R is the Constant of Proportionality known as Resistance,
- V is the Voltage applied, and
- I is the current flowing through the electrical circuit.
The above formula can be rearranged to calculate current and resistance also, as follows:
According to Ohm's Law, the current flowing through the conductor is,
I = V / R
Similarly, resistance can be defined as,
R = V / I
Ohm's Law Graph
Ohm's Law holds good when physical conditions like temperature and others are constant. This is because of the fact that the current flowing through the circuit varies by changing the temperature. Therefore, in such cases when physical factors like temperature come into play, Ohm's law violates. For example, in the case of a Light bulb, where temperature increases when the current flowing through it rises. Here, Ohm's Law doesn't follow.
The graph for an ohmic circuit is discussed in the image below,
Ohms Law GraphOhm’s Law Unit
There are three physical quantities that are associated with the Ohms Law that include,
The table added below shows the various symbol and their unit used.
Physical Quantity | Unit of Measurement | Unit Abbreviation |
|---|
Current(C) | Ampere | A |
Voltage(V) | Volt | V |
Resistance(R) | Ohm | Ω |
Ohm’s Law Equations
Ohm’s law provides three equations which are:
- V = I × R
- I = V / R
- R = V / I
Where,
- V is the voltage,
- I is the current, and
- R is the resistance.
Relationship between Voltage, Current, and Resistance : Ohm's Law
The relation between voltage, current, and resistance can easily be studied using the formula,
V = IR
Where,
- V is the voltage,
- I is the current, and
- R is the resistance.
We can study this formula with the help of the table discussed below,
Voltage | Current | Resistance |
|---|
2 V | 1/2 A | 4 Ω |
4 V | 1 A | 4 Ω |
8 V | 2 A | 4 Ω |
Ohm's Law Triangle
Ohm's Law Triangle is a visual representation for understanding and learning the Ohm's Law relation between voltage, current, and resistance. This tool help helps engineers to remember the order of the relationship between the three main aspects: current (I), voltage (V), and resistance (R).
Ohms Law TriangleVector Form of Ohm’s Law
The relation between current and voltage is established by, Ohm's law, and its vector form is,
\bold{\vec{J} = σ\vec{E}}
Where,
- \bold{\vec{J}} is Current Density vector,
- \bold{\vec{E}} is Electric Field vector, and
- σ is conductivity of material.
Resistivity
The hindrance faced by the electrons while moving in any material is called the resistivity of the material.
Let a resistor of a length of 'l' and the cross-sectional area of 'A' has a resistance be R. Then we know,
Resistance is directly proportional to the length of the resistor, i.e. R ∝ l, . . .(1)
Resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-section area of the resistor, i.e. R ∝ 1/A . . .(2)
combining eq. (1) and eq.(2)
R = ρl / A
Where ρ is the proportionality constant called coefficient of resistance or resistivity.
Now if L = 1m and A = 1 m2, in the above formula we get,
R = ρ
This means for a resistor of length 1 m and cross-section area 1 m2 the resistance is called the resistivity of the material.
Experimental Verification of Ohm's Law
Verification of Ohm's Law is achieved by performing the following experiment.
Apparatus Required
The apparatus required for performing the experiment for the Verification of Ohm's Law is,
- Resistor
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Battery
- Plug Key
- Rheostat
Circuit Diagram
The circuit diagram for the Experimental Verification of Ohm's Law is given in the diagram below,
Circuit Diagram of Ohms LawProcedure
The procedure for experimental verification of Ohm's Law is mentioned below:
- The key K is closed initially and the rheostat is adjusted such that the reading in ammeter A and voltmeter V is minimum.
- The current is then increased in the circuit by adjusting the rheostat, and the current at various values of the rheostat and their respective voltage is recorded.
- Now for different values of voltage(V) and current(I) and then calculate the ratio of V/I.
- After calculating all the ratios of V/I for different values of voltage and current, we notice that the value is almost constant.
- Now plotting a graph of the current against the potential difference we get a straight line. This shows that the current is directly proportional to the potential difference and its slope is the resistance of the wire.
Ohm’s Law Pie Chart
To better understand the relationship between various parameters, we can take all the equations used to find the voltage, current, resistance, and power, and condense them into a simple Ohm’s Law pie chart as shown below:
Ohms Law Pie ChartOhm’s Law Matrix Table
Like Ohm’s Law Pie Chart shown above, we can condense the individual Ohm’s Law equations into a simple matrix table as shown below for easy reference when calculating an unknown value.
Ohms Law Matrix TableApplications of Ohm’s Law
When the other two numbers are known, Ohm's law may be used to determine the voltage, current, impedance, or resistance of a linear electric circuit.
Main applications of Ohm's Law:
- It also simplifies power calculations.
- To keep the desired voltage drop between the electrical components, Ohm's law is employed.
- An electric circuit's voltage, resistance, or current must be determined.
- Ohm's law is also utilized to redirect current in DC ammeters and other DC shunts.
How to Establish a Current-Voltage Relationship?
The ratio V ⁄ I remains constant for a given resistance while establishing the current-voltage connection, hence a graph of the potential difference (V) and current (I) must be a straight line.
How can we discover the unknown resistance values?
The constant ratio is what determines the unknown resistance values. The resistance of a wire with a uniform cross-section relies on the length (L) and the cross-section area (A). It also relies on the conductor's temperature.
The resistance, at a given temperature,
R = ρ L ⁄ A
where,
ρ is the specific resistance or resistivity and is the wire material's characteristic.
The wire material's specific resistance or resistivity is,
ρ = R A ⁄ L
Calculating Electrical Power using Ohm’s Law
We define electric power as the power required by electric charges to do various works. The rate of consuming electric energy is called electric power. The unit of measuring electric power is the watt. Using the Ohm's law we can easily find the power of the electric circuit. The formula to calculate the electric power is,
P = VI
Where,
- P is the power of the circuit,
- V is the voltage across the circuit, and
- I is the current passing through the circuit.
We know that, using Ohm's Law,
V = IR
Using the power formula we get,
P = V2/R
P = I2R
Limitations of Ohms Law
Various limitations of the Ohms law are,
- The law of Ohm does not apply to unilateral networks. The current can only flow in one direction in unilateral networks. Diodes, transistors, and other electronic components are used in these sorts of networks.
- Non-linear components are also exempt from Ohm's law. Non-linear components have a current that is not proportional to the applied voltage, which implies that the resistance value of those elements varies depending on the voltage and current. The thyristor is an example of a non-linear element.
Analogies of Ohm’s Law
There are various analogies given in the past to explain Ohm’s Law, some of the most common analogies are:
- Water Pipe Analogy
- Temperature Analogy
Let's discuss these analogies in detail.
Water Pipe Analogy for Ohm’s Law
We know that the current passing through any circuit depends on the voltage applied and the resistance of the circuit. But we can see the current flowing through the circuit, to understand it better we use the Water Pipe Analogy in which the flowing water represents the current and we can understand Ohm's law using this concept.
Water flowing through the pipes is similar to the current flowing through the electric circuit. We know that in an electric circuit, Voltage is required to move the current in the circuit in the same way Pressure in the water pipe system allows the water to flow easily in the system.
If the pressure is increased more water flows through the pipe which resembles Ohm's law that state if the voltage is increased, more current flows through the electric Circuit.
Temperature Analogy
Similarly, a temperature circuit can also be compared to an ohmic conductor. Here, temperature gradient works similarly to voltage, and heat flow works similarly to current.
Read More,
Solved Examples on Ohm's Law
Example 1: Find the resistance of an electrical circuit with a voltage supply of 15 V and a current of 3 mA.
Solution:
Given:
V = 15 V,
I = 3 mA = 0.003 A
The resistance of an electrical circuit is given as:
⇒ R = V / I
⇒ R = 15 V / 0.003 A
⇒ R = 5000 Ω
⇒ R = 5 kΩ
Hence, the resistance of an electrical circuit is 5 kΩ.
Example 2: If the resistance of an electric iron is 10 Ω and a current of 6 A flows through the resistance. Find the voltage between two points.
Solution:
Given:
I = 6 A, R = 10 Ω
The formula to calculate the voltage is given as:
V = I × R
⇒ V = 6 A × 10 Ω
⇒ V = 60 V
Hence, the voltage between two points is 60 V.
Example 3: Find the current passing through the conductor drawing 20 volts when the power drawn by it is 60 watts.
Solution:
According to Ohm’s P = VI
Given P = 60 watt, V = 20 volt
⇒ I = P/V
⇒ I = 60/20
⇒ I = 3 A
Hence, the current flowing through the conductor is 3 A
Example 4: A battery of 6 V is connected to the bulb of resistance 4 Ω. Find the current passing through the bulb and the circuit's power.
Solution:
Given,
V = 6 V
R = 4 Ω
We know that,
V = IR (Ohms Law)
⇒ 6 = 4R
⇒ I = 6 ÷ 4 = 1.5 A
⇒ I = 1.5 A
Thus, the current flowing through the bulb is 1.5 A
For the Power of the circuit
P = VI
⇒ P = (6)(1.5)
⇒ P = 9 watt
Thus, the power of the circuit is 9 watts.
Similar Reads
CBSE Class 12 Physics Notes 2023-24 CBSE Class 12 Physics Notes are an essential part of the study material for any student wanting to pursue a career in engineering or a related field. Physics is the subject that helps us understand our surroundings using simple and complex concepts combined. Class 12 physics introduces us to a lot o
10 min read
Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields
Unit of Electric ChargeElectric charge is the fundamental property of matter. Various properties are explained by the electric charges. So it is very important to note the unit of electric charge and other parameters of the electric charge. In this article, we will learn about electric charge its definition, and the units
5 min read
Conductors and InsulatorsWhen humans remove synthetic clothing or sweater, especially in dry weather, he or she often sees a spark or hear a crackling sound. With females' clothing like a polyester saree, this is essentially observed. Another example is Lightning a common form of electric discharge that seen in the sky duri
9 min read
Charging by InductionCharging by Induction- A spark or crackling sound emerges when our synthetic garments or sweaters are removed from our bodies, especially in dry weather. This is virtually unavoidable with feminine apparel, such as polyester sarees. Lightning, in the sky during thunderstorms, is another case of elec
13 min read
Basic Properties of Electric ChargeElectric Charges are fundamental in the universe. The presence of electric charges are not only seen in the field of science but also in the daily lives of human beings. For instance, rubbing dry hair with a ruler ends up making some hair strands stand up and this happens because electric charges ar
4 min read
Coulomb's LawCoulomb’s Law is defined as a mathematical concept that defines the electric force between charged objects. Columb's Law states that the force between any two charged particles is directly proportional to the product of the charge but is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between t
9 min read
Electric Charge and Electric FieldElectric Field is the region around a charge in which another charge experiences an attractive or repulsive force. Electric Field is an important concept in the study of electrostatics which is the branch of physics. Electric Field despite its invisible nature, powers our homes with electricity, tra
15+ min read
Electric Field LinesElectric field lines are a representation used to visualize the electric field surrounding charged objects. They provide a way to understand the direction and strength of the electric field at different points in space. It helps analyze electric fields in various situations, such as around point cha
5 min read
Electric DipoleAn electric dipole is defined as a pair of equal and opposite electric charges that are separated, by a small distance. An example of an electric dipole includes two atoms separated by small distances. The magnitude of the electric dipole is obtained by taking the product of either of the charge and
11 min read
Continuous Charge DistributionElectric charge is a fundamental feature of matter that regulates how elementary particles are impacted by an electric or magnetic field. Positive and negative electric charge exists in discrete natural units and cannot be manufactured or destroyed. There are two sorts of electric charges: positive
7 min read
Gauss's LawGauss's law is defined as the total flux out of the closed surface is equal to the flux enclosed by the surface divided by the permittivity. The Gauss Law, which analyses electric charge, a surface, and the issue of electric flux, is analyzed. Let us learn more about the law and how it functions so
15+ min read
Applications of Gauss's LawGauss's Law states that the total electric flux out of a closed surface equals the charge contained inside the surface divided by the absolute permittivity. The electric flux in an area is defined as the electric field multiplied by the surface area projected in a plane perpendicular to the field. N
9 min read
Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Electric Potential EnergyElectrical potential energy is the cumulative effect of the position and configuration of a charged object and its neighboring charges. The electric potential energy of a charged object governs its motion in the local electric field.Sometimes electrical potential energy is confused with electric pot
15+ min read
Electric Potential Due to a Point ChargeElectric forces are responsible for almost every chemical reaction within the human body. These chemical reactions occur when the atoms and their charges collide together. In this process, some molecules are formed and some change their shape. Electric forces are experienced by charged bodies when t
7 min read
Electric Potential Of A Dipole and System Of ChargesElectric Potential is defined as the force experienced by a charge inside the electric field of any other charge. mathematically it is defined as the ratio of electric potential energy that is required to take a test charge from infinity to a point inside the electric field of any other charge with
7 min read
Equipotential SurfacesWhen an external force acts to do work, moving a body from a point to another against a force like spring force or gravitational force, that work gets collected or stores as the potential energy of the body. When the external force is excluded, the body moves, gaining the kinetic energy and losing a
9 min read
Potential Energy of a System of ChargesWhen an external force works to accomplish work, such as moving a body from one location to another against a force such as spring force or gravitational force, that work is collected and stored as the body's potential energy. When the external force is removed, the body moves, acquiring kinetic ene
11 min read
Potential Energy in an External FieldWhen an external force operates to conduct work, such as moving a body from one location to another against a force like spring force or gravitational force, the work is gathered and stored as potential energy in the body. When an external force is removed, the body moves, acquiring kinetic energy a
11 min read
Electrostatics of ConductorsWhen an external force is used to remove a body from a situation. Point to another in the face of a force like spring or gravitational force That work is stored in the body as potential energy. When the external environment When a force is eliminated, the body moves, gaining and losing kinetic energ
11 min read
Dielectrics and PolarisationHave you noticed how many of the insulators are made of wood, plastic, or glass? But why is that? When we utilise wood or plastic, why don't we receive electric shocks? Why do you only get severe shocks from metal wires? We'll look at dielectrics, polarisation, the dielectric constant, and more in t
10 min read
CapacitanceCapacitance is defined as the capacity of any material to store electric charge. The substance that stores the electric charge is called a capacitor, i.e. the ability of the capacitor to hold the electric charge is called capacitance. It is denoted with the symbol C and is defined as the ratio of th
9 min read
What is a Parallel Plate Capacitor?Answer: A Parallel Plate Capacitor is a capacitor with two parallel conducting plates separated by an insulating material and capable of storing electrical charge. Capacitance can be defined in Layman's terms as a physical quantity that indicates the ability of a component or circuit to collect and
8 min read
Capacitors in Series and ParallelCapacitors are special devices that can hold electric charges for instantaneous release in an electric circuit. We can easily connect various capacitors together as we connected the resistor together. The capacitor can be connected in series or parallel combinations and can be connected as a mix of
7 min read
Energy stored in a CapacitorCapacitors are used in almost every electronic device around us. From a fan to a chip, there are lots of capacitors of different sizes around us. Theoretically, the basic function of the capacitor is to store energy. Its common usage includes energy storage, voltage spike protection, and signal filt
6 min read
Chapter 3: Current Electricity
Electric Current in ConductorsElectric current in conductors is the movement of electric charge through a substance, usually a metallic wire or other conductor. Electric current is the rate at which an electric charge flows past a certain point in a conductor, and it is measured in amperes. When a potential difference (voltage)
8 min read
Ohm's LawOhm's Law was given by German physicist Georg Simon Ohm. It states the relationship between current, resistance, and voltage across an electrical circuit. This relationship between current I, voltage V, and resistance R was given by famous German scientist Georg Simon Ohm in 1827. He found conductin
11 min read
Drift VelocityDrift Velocity as the name suggests refers to the slow movement of electrons in the conductor when an Electromotive force(emf) is introduced. Electrons do not move in a straight line in the conductor, but they move randomly in the conductor colliding with the other electrons and atoms exchanging ene
12 min read
Ohm's Law - Definition, Formula, Applications, LimitationsAccording to Ohm's law, the voltage or potential difference between two locations is proportional to the current of electricity flowing through the resistance, and the resistance of the circuit is proportional to the current or electricity travelling through the resistance. V=IR is the formula for O
5 min read
Temperature Dependence of ResistanceDevices such as batteries, cells, etc. are essential for maintaining a potential difference across the circuit and are referred to as voltage sources. When a voltage source is connected across a conductor, it creates an electric field which causes the charges to move and this causes current. The val
5 min read
Electrical Energy and PowerElectric energy is the most important form of energy and is widely used in almost all the electrical devices around us. These devices have a rating written on them. That rating is expressed in Watts and intuitively explains the amount of electricity the device will consume. Bigger devices like AC, r
9 min read
Resistors in Series and Parallel CombinationsResistors are devices that obstruct the flow of electric current in the circuit. They provide the hindrance to the path of the current which flows in the circuit. Resistors consume the current in any circuit and convert them to other forms of energy as required. Various resistors can be added to the
9 min read
Electromotive ForceElectromotive Force or EMF is the work done by the per unit charge while moving from the positive end to the negative end of the battery. It can also be defined as the energy gain per unit charge while moving from the positive end to the negative end of the battery. The battery or the electric gener
10 min read
Combination of Cells in Series and ParallelThere are many resistances in complex electrical circuits. There are methods to calculate the equivalent resistances in case multiple resistances are connected in series or parallel or sometimes in a combination of series and parallel. In many situations, batteries or different types of voltage sour
6 min read
Meter Bridge - Explanation, Construction, Working, Sample ProblemsAn electric flow is a flood of charged particles, like electrons or particles, traveling through an electrical conveyor or space. It is estimated as the net pace of stream of electric charge through a surface or into a control volume. The moving particles are called charge transporters, which might
7 min read
Potentiometer - Definition, Working Principle, TypesAn electric flow is a surge of charged particles, like electrons or particles, travelling through an electrical channel or space. It is estimated as the net pace of stream of electric charge through a surface or into a control volume. The moving particles are called charge transporters, which might
15 min read
Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic FieldThis has been already learned about the interaction of electric and magnetic fields, as well as the motion of charged particles in the presence of both electric and magnetic fields. We have also deduced the relationship of the force acting on the charged particle, which is given by the Lorentz force
9 min read
Biot-Savart LawThe Biot-Savart equation expresses the magnetic field created by a current-carrying wire. This conductor or wire is represented as a vector quantity called the current element. Lets take a look at the law and formula of biot-savart law in detail, Biot-Savart Law The magnitude of magnetic induction a
7 min read
Ampere's Circuital Law and Problems on ItAndré-Marie Ampere, a French physicist, proposed Ampere's Circuital Law. Ampere was born in Lyon, France, on January 20, 1775. His father educated him at home, and he showed an affinity for mathematics at a young age. Ampere was a mathematician and physicist best known for his work on electrodynamic
5 min read
Magnetic Field Due to Solenoid and ToroidA charge is surrounded by an electric field when it is sufficiently sluggish and sits idle. This would make sense to you because it is an electric charge. However, when that charge becomes excited and starts racing about, it generates a magnetic field. Doesn't this strike you as strange? You aren't
8 min read
Force between Two Parallel Current Carrying ConductorsMoving charges produce an electric field and the rate of flow of charge is known as current. This is the basic concept in Electrostatics. The magnetic effect of electric current is the other important phenomenon related to moving electric charges. Magnetism is generated due to the flow of current. M
8 min read
Current Loop as a Magnetic DipoleWhen a charge move it generates an electric field and the rate of flow of charge is the current in the electric field. This is the basic concept in Electrostatics. The magnetic effect of electric current is the other important concept related to moving electric charges. Magnetism is generated due to
11 min read
Moving Coil GalvanometerHans Christian Oersted discovered in 1820 that a current-carrying conducting wire produces a magnetic field around it. His findings from his experiments are as follows: The magnetic compass needle is aligned tangent to an imaginary circle centered on the current-carrying cable.When the current is re
10 min read
Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter
Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction
Experiments of Faraday and HenryFor a long time, electricity and magnetism were thought to be separate and unrelated phenomena. Experiments on electric current by Oersted, Ampere and a few others in the early decades of the nineteenth century established the fact that electricity and magnetism are inter-related. They discovered th
5 min read
Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic InductionFaraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction is the basic law of electromagnetism that is used to explain the working of various equipment that includes an electric motor, electric generator, etc. Faraday's law was given by an English scientist Michael Faraday in 1831. According to Faraday's Law of El
10 min read
Lenz's LawLenz law was given by the German scientist Emil Lenz in 1834 this law is based on the principle of conservation of energy and is in accordance with Newton's third law. Lenz law is used to give the direction of induced current in the circuit. In this article, let's learn about Lenz law its formula, e
7 min read
Motional Electromotive ForceThe process of induction occurs when a change in magnetic flux causes an emf to oppose that change. One of the main reasons for the induction process in motion. We can say, for example, that a magnet moving toward a coil generates an emf, and that a coil moving toward a magnet creates a comparable e
14 min read
Energy ConsiderationForce is the influence that causes an object to move or change its motion. In our daily activities, we apply force to our bodies. To generate this force, our body requires energy. Therefore, there is a connection between force and energy, and this connection is explained through the concept of energ
9 min read
What are Eddy Currents?Eddy currents are whirling currents produced in a conductor by a changing magnetic field. They are a fundamental phenomenon in electromagnetism, resulting from Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, which states that a changing magnetic field generates an electromotive force (EMF) and, eventual
9 min read
Inductance - Definition, Derivation, Types, ExamplesMagnetism has a mystical quality about it. Its capacity to change metals like iron, cobalt, and nickel when touched piques children's interest. Repulsion and attraction between the magnetic poles by observing the shape of the magnetic field created by the iron filling surrounding the bar magnet will
13 min read
AC Generator - Principle, Construction, Working, ApplicationsA changing magnetic flux produces a voltage or current in a conductor, which is known as electromagnetic induction. It can happen when a solenoid's magnetic flux is changed by moving a magnet. There will be no generated voltage (electrostatic potential difference) across an electrical wire if the ma
7 min read
Chapter 7: Alternating Current
AC Voltage Applied to a ResistorAlternating Currents are used almost as a standard by electricity distribution companies. In India, 50 Hz Alternating Current is used for domestic and industrial power supply. Many of our devices are in fact nothing but resistances. These resistances cause some voltage drop but since the voltage thi
5 min read
Phasors | Definition, Examples & DiagramPhasor analysis is used to determine the steady-state response to a linear circuit functioning on sinusoidal sources with frequency (f). It is very common. For example, one can use phasor analysis to differentiate the frequency response of a circuit by performing phasor analysis over a range of freq
10 min read
AC Voltage Applied to an InductorAlternating Currents and Voltages vary and change their directions with time. They are widely used in modern-day devices and electrical systems because of their numerous advantages. Circuits in everyday life consist of resistances, capacitors, and inductances. Inductors are devices that store energy
5 min read
AC Voltage Applied to a CapacitorAlternating Currents and Voltages vary and change their directions with time. They are widely used in modern-day devices and electrical systems because of their numerous advantages. Circuits in everyday life consist of resistances, capacitors, and inductance. Capacitors are the devices that accumula
6 min read
Series LCR CircuitsIn contrast to direct current (DC), which travels solely in one direction, Alternating Current (AC) is an electric current that occasionally reverses direction and alters its magnitude constantly over time. Alternating current is the type of electricity that is delivered to companies and homes, and
8 min read
Power in AC CircuitAlternating Current and Voltages change their magnitude and direction with time. This changes the way calculations for power and other quantities are done in circuits. Furthermore, with the introduction of capacitors and inductances, many other effects come into play which alters the power calculati
6 min read
LC OscillationsThe Difference between the Direct and Alternating current is that the direct current (DC), travels only in one direction while the alternating current (AC) is an electric current that alternates direction on occasion and alters its amplitude continuously over time. Alternating current is the type of
9 min read
TransformerA transformer is the simplest device that is used to transfer electrical energy from one alternating-current circuit to another circuit or multiple circuits, through the process of electromagnetic induction. A transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction to step up or step down th
15+ min read
Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves
Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments