Electric Circuit Last Updated : 14 May, 2024 Comments Improve Suggest changes Like Article Like Report An electric circuit is a representation of a real circuit that is used to connect different devices. Electric circuits have various components. We need to learn about all these components to understand the electrical circuit and the flow of current in it. Alessandro Volta was the first to come up with the idea of an electric circuit in 1800. Volta discovered that by connecting bowls of salt solution with metal strips, he could create a continuous flow of electricity. Later, he made his voltaic pile out of alternating discs of copper, zinc, and cardboard that had been soaked in a salt solution (an early battery). By connecting a wire from top to bottom, he was able to make the electric current flow across the circuit. Let's learn about Electric circuits and others in detail in this article. What is an Electric Circuit?Electric Circuit is the closed loops or paths, in which the current flows. In electric circuits, various components are added that perform various task. In other words, we can say that an electric circuit is a collection of elements designed in such a way that they carry electric current in a specific direction. The source is the starting point from which the current starts and the return are the points where it ends. The diagram of the electric circuit is given below, let's learn about the electric circuit through the diagram. The above electric circuit has, Electric bulbWire(Conductor)A batteryIf we connect one end of the battery (say positive end) to the positive terminal of the bulb we observe that nothing happens that the bulb does not list up but as soon as we connect the other end of the battery with the bulb and the circuit is completed the bulb list up. Thus, it is clear that current only flows in an electric circuit if it is closed and such circuits are called complete circuits. If all the connections are not secured in a circuit it may cause a fire in the circuit which can not be extinguished by normal methods. Water to extinguish the electric fire is strictly prohibited as it can cause electric shock. Types of Electric CircuitsMany types of electrical circuits are used in our daily life some of the most common electric circuits are, Open CircuitClosed CircuitShort CircuitSeries CircuitParallel CircuitOpen CircuitA circuit in which the switch is open and current does not flow through the circuit is called an open circuit. The image given below shows an open circuit. Closed CircuitA circuit in which the switch is closed and current flows through the circuit is called an open circuit. The image given below shows a closed circuit. Short CircuitWhenever the current in the circuit follows a shorter path rather than following its usual path short circuit happens. The image given below shows a short circuit. The consequence of the short circuit is that the electric board or the electric system catches the fire. The major cause of the electric fire is the short circuit. The image below shows the fire caused by the short circuit. Series CircuitIf all the resistance are connected in the series combination we say that it is a series circuit. The image given below shows a series circuit. Parallel CircuitIf all the resistors are connected in a parallel combination we say that it is a parallel circuit. The image given below shows a parallel circuit. For more, Series and Parallel Resistance Domestic Electric CircuitThe circuit used in our home is called a Domestic circuit and is specifically made for domestic purposes. Various components of the domestic circuit are, Mains Supply: Electric power we receive in our houses is called the main supply. Cables: Electric power is supplied by cables which are either open or underground. There are three types of wires used in domestic circuits which are Earth WireLive WireNeutral WirePotential Difference (or Voltage): In our country, the current is supplied at 220V in domestic circuits. Electric current is passed to our house at 220 volts through a circuit called a Fuse. If the supplied voltage varies a lot as compared to the allowed voltage the fuse wire gets to break and stopped the flow of current in the circuit. The current then passes through the meter board. From the meter board generally, two types of current are supplied to the circuit. 15 Amp current: This current is used by appliances with higher power ratings, like geysers, ACs, refrigerators, electric motors, and others.5 Amp current: This current is used by appliances with lower power ratings, like TV, fans, bulbs, computers, smartphones, and others.Electric Circuit SymbolsTo draw electric circuits various symbols are used some of the important symbols that are used in physics for drawing electric symbols are, Simple CircuitA circuit that consists of a power source, conductors, switch, and load is a simple circuit. A simple circuit does not have various components and some of the basic components are, The image given below shows a simple circuit. Cell: It is the power source that provides the potential difference in the electric circuit.Load: A resistor that consumes current in a circuit is called the load. Generally, a load is a bulb.Conductors: Copper conductors that conduct electricity in a circuit are called conductors.Switch: A device that controls the incoming flow of current in an electric circuit is called a switch.Electric Circuit FormulaVarious formulas that are used in solving electric circuits are, FormulaNotationsElectric currentI = Q/tI is the current flowingQ is the charge flowingt is the time periodVoltageV = IRV is the potential differenceResistanceR = ρ l/AR is the resistance of the circuitρ is the resistivity of the wirel is the length of the wireA is the cross-sectional areaPowerP = VI or E/tP is the powerE is the energy gain or losst is the time periodSeries ResistanceReq = R1 + R2 + .....+ RnReq is the equivalent resistance of the resistors in seriesR1, R2… Rn are the individual resistors added in seriesParallel Resistance1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + .....+ 1/RnReq is the equivalent resistance of the resistors in parallelR1, R2… Rn are the individual resistors added in parallelRead, More Direct Current CircuitWhat is Ohm's LawPower in AC CircuitHeating Effect of Electric Current Comment More infoAdvertise with us Next Article Electric Circuit L learnskartik Follow Improve Article Tags : School Learning Class 10 Physics Physics-Class-10 Similar Reads Physics: Definition, Key Topics , Branches, Curriculum & Interesting Facts The term "physics" is derived from the Greek word physis (meaning “natureâ€) and physika (meaning “natural thingsâ€). 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For the sake of convenience in Newtonian Physics, we take the body as the point object where all its mass is concentrated at the centre of mass of the body. The centre of mass of the body is a point that can be on 15 min read Centre of GravityCentre of Gravity is one of the fundamental concepts in the study of gravitational force. Engineers and Scientists while dealing with mechanics and gravity often come across solid bodies which can't be represented by point masses such as celestial objects. In those cases, it is assumed as well as pr 8 min read Radius of GyrationRadius of gyration, R, is a measure used in mechanics and engineering to describe the distribution of mass or inertia of an object relative to its axis of rotation. Radius of Gyration, or the radius of a body, is always centered on its rotational axis. It is a geometric characteristic of a rigid bod 11 min read Moment of InertiaMoment of inertia is the property of a body in rotational motion. Moment of Inertia is the property of the rotational bodies which tends to oppose the change in rotational motion of the body. It is similar to the inertia of any body in translational motion. Mathematically, the Moment of Inertia is g 15+ min read Fluid MechanicsMechanical Properties of FluidsFluids are substances that can flow and adapt to the shape of their container, including liquids and gases like water and air. Mechanical properties of fluids refer to viscosity, density, and pressure, which describe how fluids respond to external forces and influence their behavior in various situa 11 min read What is Viscosity?Viscosity is the measurement of the resistance of the flowing liquid. Let us learn more about viscosity with an example suppose we take two bowls, one bowl contains water and the other has honey in it, we drop the content of both bowls then we see that water flows much faster than honey which conclu 12 min read Buoyant ForceBuoyancy is a phenomenon due to the buoyant force that causes an object to float. When you put an object in a liquid, an upward force is exerted on the object by the liquid. This force is equal to the weight of the liquid that has been displaced. The amount of liquid that has been displaced depends 13 min read Archimedes PrincipleArchimedes Principle is a fundamental concept in fluid mechanics, credited to the ancient Greek mathematician and physicist Archimedes. According to Archimedes' Principle, when an object is immersed in a fluid the object experiences an upward force whose magnitude is equal to the weight of the fluid 12 min read Pascal's LawPascal's law establishes the relation between pressure and the height of static fluids. A static fluid is defined as a fluid that is not in motion. When the fluid is not flowing, it is said to be in hydrostatic equilibrium. For a fluid to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, the net force on the fluid mus 10 min read Reynolds NumberAs liquid runs into a channel, it collides with the pipe. Engineers ensure that the liquid flow through the city's pipes is as consistent as possible. As a result, a number known as the Reynolds number predicts whether the flow of the liquid will be smooth or turbulent. Sir George Stoke was the firs 6 min read Streamline FlowThe substance that can change its form under an external force is defined as fluid. Whenever an external force is applied to a fluid, it begins to flow. The study of fluids in motion is defined as fluid dynamics. Have you ever noticed a creek flowing beneath the bridge? When you see a streamline, wh 7 min read Laminar and Turbulent FlowLaminar flow and turbulent flow describe the movement patterns of fluids. Laminar flow is characterized by smooth, orderly layers of fluid sliding over one another without mixing, ideal for scenarios where minimal resistance is desired. Turbulent flow features chaotic, swirling patterns with irregul 9 min read Bernoulli's PrincipleBernoulli's Principle is a very important concept in Fluid Mechanics which is the study of fluids (like air and water) and their interaction with other fluids. Bernoulli's principle is also referred to as Bernoulli's Equation or Bernoulli Theorem. This principle was first stated by Daniel Bernoulli 15+ min read Poiseuilles Law FormulaAccording to Poiseuille's law, the flow of liquid varies depending on the length of the tube, the radius of the tube, the pressure gradient and the viscosity of the fluid. It is a physical law that calculates the pressure drop in an incompressible Newtonian fluid flowing in laminar flow through a lo 4 min read Stoke's LawStoke's Law: Observe a raindrop falling from a height if you look closely you will notice that the speed of all the raindrops is constant and even though it falls from a height under the influence of gravity its velocity seems constant. These questions are answered using Stoke's lawStoke's law was f 11 min read Solid MechanicsWhat is Stress?Stress in physics is defined as the force exerted on the unit area of a substance. Stress affects the body as strain in which the shape of the body changes if the stress is applied and sometimes it gets permanently deformed. On the basis of the direction of force applied to the body, we can categori 9 min read Stress and StrainStress and Strain are the two terms in Physics that describe the forces causing the deformation of objects. Deformation is known as the change of the shape of an object by applications of force. The object experiences it due to external forces; for example, the forces might be like squeezing, squash 12 min read Stress-Strain CurveStress-Strain Curve is a very crucial concept in the study of material science and engineering. It describes the relationship between stress and the strain applied on an object. We know that stress is the applied force on the material, and strain, is the resulting change (deformation or elongation) 11 min read Elasticity and PlasticityYou've undoubtedly heard of the idea of elasticity by now. In layman's words, it indicates that after being stretched, some substances return to their former form. You've experimented with a slingshot. Didn't you? That is an elastic substance. Let us go into the ideas of elasticity and plasticity to 9 min read Modulus of ElasticityModulus of Elasticity or Elastic Modulus is the measurement of resistance offered by a material against the deformation force acting on it. Modulus of Elasticity is also called Young's Modulus. It is given as the ratio of Stress to Strain. The unit of elastic modulus is megapascal or gigapascal Modu 12 min read Modulus of RigidityModulus of rigidity also known as shear modulus, is used to measure the rigidity of a given body. It is the ratio of shear stress to shear strain and is denoted by G or sometimes by S or μ. The modulus of rigidity of a material is directly proportional to its elastic modulus which depends on the mat 11 min read Young's ModulusYoung's Modulus is the ratio of stress and strain. It is named after the famous British physicist Thomas Young. Young's Modulus provides a relation between stress and strain in any object.  When a certain load is added to a rigid material, it deforms. When the weight is withdrawn from an elastic mat 12 min read Bulk Modulus FormulaFor every material, the bulk modulus is defined as the proportion of volumetric stress to volumetric strain. The bulk modulus, in simpler terms, is a numerical constant that is used to quantify and explain the elastic characteristics of a solid or fluid when pressure is applied. We'll go over the bu 4 min read Shear Modulus and Bulk ModulusA rigid body model is an idealised representation of an item that does not deform when subjected to external forces. It is extremely beneficial for evaluating mechanical systems—and many physical items are quite stiff. The degree to which an item may be regarded as stiff is determined by the physica 7 min read Poisson's RatioPoisson's Ratio is the negative ratio of transversal strain or lateral strain to the longitudinal strain of a material under stress. When a material particularly a rubber-like material undergoes stress the deformation is not limited to only one direction, rather it happens along both transversal and 9 min read Stress, Strain and Elastic Potential EnergyElasticity, this term always reminds of objects like Rubber bands, etc. However, if the question arises, which one is more elastic- A rubber or an Iron piece? The answer will be an Iron piece. Why? The answer lies in the definition of Elasticity, elasticity is known to be the ability of the object t 9 min read ThermodynamicsBasics Concepts of ThermodynamicsThermodynamics is concerned with the ideas of heat and temperature, as well as the exchange of heat and other forms of energy. The branch of science that is known as thermodynamics is related to the study of various kinds of energy and its interconversion. The behaviour of these quantities is govern 12 min read Zeroth Law of ThermodynamicsZeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that when two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with another third body than the two bodies are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. Ralph H. Fowler developed this law in the 1930s, many years after the first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics had a 7 min read First Law of ThermodynamicsFirst Law of Thermodynamics adaptation of the Law of Conservation of Energy differentiates between three types of energy transfer: Heat, Thermodynamic Work, and Energy associated with matter transfer. It also relates each type of energy transfer to a property of a body's Internal Energy. The First L 8 min read Second Law of ThermodynamicsSecond Law of Thermodynamics defines that heat cannot move from a reservoir of lower temperature to a reservoir of higher temperature in a cyclic process. The second law of thermodynamics deals with transferring heat naturally from a hotter body to a colder body. Second Law of Thermodynamics is one 10 min read Thermodynamic CyclesThermodynamic cycles are used to explain how heat engines, which convert heat into work, operate. A thermodynamic cycle is used to accomplish this. The application determines the kind of cycle that is employed in the engine. The thermodynamic cycle consists of a series of interrelated thermodynamic 15 min read Thermodynamic State Variables and Equation of StateThe branch of thermodynamics deals with the process of heat exchange by the gas or the temperature of the system of the gas. This branch also deals with the flow of heat from one part of the system to another part of the system. For systems that are present in the real world, there are some paramete 5 min read Enthalpy: Definition, Formula and ReactionsEnthalpy is the measurement of heat or energy in the thermodynamic system. It is the most fundamental concept in the branch of thermodynamics. It is denoted by the symbol H. In other words, we can say, Enthalpy is the total heat of the system. Let's know more about Enthalpy in detail below.Enthalpy 12 min read State FunctionsState Functions are the functions that are independent of the path of the function i.e. they are concerned about the final state and not how the state is achieved. State Functions are most used in thermodynamics. In this article, we will learn the definition of state function, what are the state fun 7 min read Carnot EngineA Carnot motor is a hypothetical motor that works on the Carnot cycle. Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot fostered the fundamental model for this motor in 1824. In this unmistakable article, you will find out about the Carnot cycle and Carnot Theorem exhaustively. The Carnot motor is a hypothetical thermod 5 min read Heat Engine - Definition, Working, PV Diagram, Efficiency, TypesHeat engines are devices that turn heat energy into motion or mechanical work. Heat engines are based on the principles of thermodynamics, specifically the conversion of heat into work according to the first and second laws of thermodynamics. They are found everywhere, from our cars, power plants to 14 min read Wave and OscillationIntroduction to Waves - Definition, Types, PropertiesA wave is a propagating dynamic disturbance (change from equilibrium) of one or more quantities in physics, mathematics, and related subjects, commonly described by a wave equation. At least two field quantities in the wave medium are involved in physical waves. Periodic waves occur when variables o 11 min read Wave MotionWave Motion refers to the transfer of energy and momentum from one point to another in a medium without actually transporting matter between the two points. Wave motion is a kind of disturbance from place to place. Wave can travel in solid medium, liquid medium, gas medium, and in a vacuum. Sound wa 12 min read OscillationOscillations are defined as the process of repeating vibrations of any quantity about its equilibrium position. The word “oscillation†originates from the Latin verb, which means to swing. An object oscillates whenever a force pushes or pulls it back toward its central point after displacement. This 8 min read Oscillatory Motion FormulaOscillatory Motion is a form of motion in which an item travels over a spot repeatedly. The optimum situation can be attained in a total vacuum since there will be no air to halt the item in oscillatory motion friction. Let's look at a pendulum as shown below. The vibrating of strings and the moveme 3 min read Amplitude FormulaThe largest deviation of a variable from its mean value is referred to as amplitude. It is the largest displacement from a particle's mean location in to and fro motion around a mean position. Periodic pressure variations, periodic current or voltage variations, periodic variations in electric or ma 6 min read What is Frequency?Frequency is the rate at which the repetitive event that occurs over a specific period. Frequency shows the oscillations of waves, operation of electrical circuits and the recognition of sound. The frequency is the basic concept for different fields from physics and engineering to music and many mor 9 min read Amplitude, Time Period and Frequency of a VibrationSound is a form of energy generated by vibrating bodies. Its spread necessitates the use of a medium. As a result, sound cannot travel in a vacuum because there is no material to transfer sound waves. Sound vibration is the back and forth motion of an entity that causes the sound to be made. That is 5 min read Energy of a Wave FormulaWave energy, often referred to as the energy carried by waves, encompasses both the kinetic energy of their motion and the potential energy stored within their amplitude or frequency. This energy is not only essential for natural processes like ocean currents and seismic waves but also holds signifi 7 min read Simple Harmonic MotionSimple Harmonic Motion is a fundament concept in the study of motion, especially oscillatory motion; which helps us understand many physical phenomena around like how strings produce pleasing sounds in a musical instrument such as the sitar, guitar, violin, etc., and also, how vibrations in the memb 15+ min read Displacement in Simple Harmonic MotionThe Oscillatory Motion has a big part to play in the world of Physics. Oscillatory motions are said to be harmonic if the displacement of the oscillatory body can be expressed as a function of sine or cosine of an angle depending upon time. In Harmonic Oscillations, the limits of oscillations on eit 10 min read SoundProduction and Propagation of SoundHave you ever wonder how are we able to hear different sounds produced around us. How are these sounds produced? Or how a single instrument can produce a wide variety of sounds? Also, why do astronauts communicate in sign languages in outer space? A sound is a form of energy that helps in hearing to 6 min read What are the Characteristics of Sound Waves?Sound is nothing but the vibrations (a form of energy) that propagates in the form of waves through a certain medium. Different types of medium affect the properties of the wave differently. Does this mean that Sound will not travel if the medium does not exist? Correct. It will not, It is impossibl 7 min read Speed of SoundSpeed of Sound as the name suggests is the speed of the sound in any medium. We know that sound is a form of energy that is caused due to the vibration of the particles and sound travels in the form of waves. A wave is a vibratory disturbance that transfers energy from one point to another point wit 12 min read Reflection of SoundReflection of Sound is the phenomenon of striking of sound with a barrier and bouncing back in the same medium. It is the most common phenomenon observed by us in our daily life. Let's take an example, suppose we are sitting in an empty hall and talking to a person we hear an echo sound which is cre 9 min read Refraction of SoundA sound is a vibration that travels as a mechanical wave across a medium. It can spread via a solid, a liquid, or a gas as the medium. In solids, sound travels the quickest, comparatively more slowly in liquids, and the slowest in gases. A sound wave is a pattern of disturbance caused by energy trav 5 min read How do we hear?Sound is produced from a vibrating object or the organ in the form of vibrations which is called propagation of sound and these vibrations have to be recognized by the brain to interpret the meaning which is possible only in the presence of a multi-functioning organ that is the ear which plays a hug 7 min read Audible and Inaudible SoundsWe hear sound whenever we talk, listen to some music, or play any musical instrument, etc. But did you ever wondered what is that sound and how is it produced? Or why do we hear to our own voice when we shout in a big empty room loudly? What are the ranges of sound that we can hear? In this article, 10 min read Explain the Working and Application of SONARSound energy is the type of energy that allows our ears to sense something. When a body vibrates or moves in a ‘to-and-fro' motion, a sound is made. Sound needs a medium to flow through in order to propagate. This medium could be in the form of a gas, a liquid, or a solid. Sound propagates through a 8 min read Noise PollutionNoise pollution is the pollution caused by sound which results in various problems for Humans. A sound is a form of energy that enables us to hear. We hear the sound from the frequency range of 20 to 20000 Hertz (20kHz). Humans have a fixed range for which comfortably hear a sound if we are exposed 8 min read Doppler Effect - Definition, Formula, ExamplesDoppler Effect is an important phenomenon when it comes to waves. This phenomenon has applications in a lot of fields of science. From nature's physical process to planetary motion, this effect comes into play wherever there are waves and the objects are traveling with respect to the wave. In the re 7 min read Doppler Shift FormulaWhen it comes to sound propagation, the Doppler Shift is the shift in pitch of a source as it travels. The frequency seems to grow as the source approaches the listener and decreases as the origin fades away from the ear. When the source is going toward the listener, its velocity is positive; when i 3 min read ElectrostaticsElectrostaticsElectrostatics is the study of electric charges that are fixed. It includes an study of the forces that exist between charges as defined by Coulomb's Law. The following concepts are involved in electrostatics: Electric charge, electric field, and electrostatic force.Electrostatic forces are non cont 13 min read Electric ChargeElectric Charge is the basic property of a matter that causes the matter to experience a force when placed in a electromagnetic field. It is the amount of electric energy that is used for various purposes. Electric charges are categorized into two types, that are, Positive ChargeNegative ChargePosit 8 min read Coulomb's LawCoulomb’s Law is defined as a mathematical concept that defines the electric force between charged objects. Columb's Law states that the force between any two charged particles is directly proportional to the product of the charge but is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between t 9 min read Electric DipoleAn electric dipole is defined as a pair of equal and opposite electric charges that are separated, by a small distance. An example of an electric dipole includes two atoms separated by small distances. The magnitude of the electric dipole is obtained by taking the product of either of the charge and 11 min read Dipole MomentTwo small charges (equal and opposite in nature) when placed at small distances behave as a system and are called as Electric Dipole. Now, electric dipole movement is defined as the product of either charge with the distance between them. Electric dipole movement is helpful in determining the symmet 6 min read Electrostatic PotentialElectrostatic potential refers to the amount of electrical potential energy present at a specific point in space due to the presence of electric charges. It represents how much work would be done to move a unit of positive charge from infinity to that point without causing any acceleration. The unit 12 min read Electric Potential EnergyElectrical potential energy is the cumulative effect of the position and configuration of a charged object and its neighboring charges. The electric potential energy of a charged object governs its motion in the local electric field.Sometimes electrical potential energy is confused with electric pot 15+ min read Potential due to an Electric DipoleThe potential due to an electric dipole at a point in space is the electric potential energy per unit charge that a test charge would experience at that point due to the dipole. An electric potential is the amount of work needed to move a unit of positive charge from a reference point to a specific 7 min read Equipotential SurfacesWhen an external force acts to do work, moving a body from a point to another against a force like spring force or gravitational force, that work gets collected or stores as the potential energy of the body. When the external force is excluded, the body moves, gaining the kinetic energy and losing a 9 min read Capacitor and CapacitanceCapacitor and Capacitance are related to each other as capacitance is nothing but the ability to store the charge of the capacitor. Capacitors are essential components in electronic circuits that store electrical energy in the form of an electric charge. They are widely used in various applications, 11 min read Like