Diamagnetic Materials - Definition, Properties, Applications Last Updated : 03 Sep, 2021 Comments Improve Suggest changes Like Article Like Report The genesis of magnetism is due to the spin motion of electrons and their interactions with one another. Describing how materials respond to magnetism is the greatest approach to present different sorts of magnetic materials. You might be surprised to learn that all matter is magnetic. The main distinction is that certain materials have a higher magnetic permeability than others. What separates them is the degree of interaction between the magnetic moments. A few materials have no collective atomic magnetic moment interaction, whereas others have a high atomic magnetic moment interaction. Classification of Magnetic Materials The response of a material to an external magnetic force is defined by its magnetic characteristics. Solids may be divided into three categories based on their magnetic properties: Ferromagnetic - materials that are attracted to magnetic materials strongly. Nickel, Cobalt and Iron are a few of its examples.Paramagnetic - materials that are attracted to magnetic materials weakly. Molybdenum, Lithium and Magnesium are a few of its examples.Diamagnetic - materials that aren't attracted to magnetic fields. Gold, Water, Mercury, Bismuth and Copper are a few of its examples.What are Diamagnetic Materials? When put in a magnetic field, diamagnetic materials are those that are freely magnetised. The magnetization, on the other hand, is in the opposite direction of the magnetic field. Diamagnetism is the term for the magnetism displayed by certain materials. A magnet generally repels diamagnetic materials. Technically, these solids produce an induced magnetic field in the opposite direction of an externally applied magnetic field and are repelled by it. The behaviour of paramagnetic materials is exactly the reverse of this phenomenon. Magnetic fields are created by the orbital motion of electrons on the atoms of diamagnetic materials, which forms small atomic current loops. When a material is subjected to an external magnetic field, these current loops tend to align in a way that opposes the applied field. Because all the electrons in diamagnetic materials are coupled, there is no permanent net magnetic moment per atom. Diamagnetic characteristics result from the realignment of electron pathways due to the impact of an external magnetic field. As a result, all materials with paired electrons have diamagnetic characteristics. Properties of Diamagnetic MaterialsDiamagnetic materials do not have atomic dipoles because the resulting magnetic moment of each atom is zero owing to paired electrons.A magnet will resist diamagnetic materials.Because the field repels the substances only weakly, they tend to migrate from a strong to a weak region of the external magnetic field in a non-uniform field.The magnetization's strength (I) is a tiny, negative number that is proportional to the magnetic field.Magnetic susceptibility is negligible and tiny.The permeability ratio is somewhat less than one.The temperature does not affect diamagnetic materials. Curie's law does not apply to these materials.When hanging in a homogeneous magnetic field, a rod of diamagnetic material comes to rest with its length perpendicular to the field direction because the field is highest at the poles.In a U-Tube, a diamagnetic liquid depresses the Limb between the poles of a magnet.The magnetic dipole moment is tiny and polarised in the opposite direction as the magnetic field H.If a diamagnetic liquid is placed in a watch glass between two pole pieces that are very near to one other, liquid collects on the sides and depression appear in the centre, where the field is greatest.When a liquid is poured on a watch glass that is placed over two pole pieces that are suitably spaced apart (more than in the previous example), liquid collects in the middle, where the field is weakest.The induced dipole moment caused by a shift in the orbital motion of electrons in atoms caused by the applied field is the source of diamagnetism.Application of Diamagnetism Materials or DiamagnetismSince diamagnetism is essentially the expulsion of magnetic fields within a material, powerful diamagnetic materials may be levitated, or levitate magnets if they are sufficiently strong and large enough. The diamagnetic levitation of pyrolytic graphite over permanent neodymium magnets is seen in the diagram below.The diamagnetic response in superconductors leaves zero internal magnetic fields, as seen in the picture below. The Meissner effect describes how certain materials may be easily levitated in the presence of a powerful permanent magnet, as seen in the diagram above.Superconductors with high temperatures (−100 K), on the other hand, are manufactured from unusual materials that need expensive processing and require cryogenic fluids to achieve the superconducting state.The superconductor (blue colour) in the figure below expels all of its external magnetic fields, which are referred to as perfect diamagnets.Important Points To Remember Diamagnetism exists in all materials and is temperature independent, but because the effect is so mild in contrast to paramagnetism and ferromagnetic effects, it is frequently overlooked. Gases, liquids, and solids can all exhibit diamagnetism. Superconductors - Superconductors are essentially diamagnetic materials with a volume susceptibility of χv = − 1(dimensionless). They exhibit complete diamagnetic screening and may be classified as perfect diamagnets since they expel all magnetic fields. Meissner Effect - When a permanent magnet is introduced close to a superconductor, the superconducting material generates a current that fully opposes the permanent magnet's magnetic field. The superconductor expels an applied magnetic field, resulting in a field of zero in its interior. In the Meissner state, a superconductor acts as a perfect diamagnet. Sample Problems Problem 1: Why is diamagnetic susceptibility negative? Solution: Because the electron pairs in diamagnetic materials are all together, there are no total spins. The magnetic field of these materials is directed in the opposite direction as the applied magnetic field. The diamagnetic has a low negative susceptibility, implying that it is diamagnetic. Problem 2: Is water naturally diamagnetic? Why? Solution: Water is diamagnetic, according to popular belief. Only the electron pairs are found in diamagnetic compounds. Water, on the other hand, includes two bonding pairs of electrons between hydrogen and oxygen atoms, as well as two lone pairs of electrons in the oxygen atom. At least one unpaired electron exists in paramagnetic compounds. When a molecule contains an odd number of electrons, something happens (like in NO). It can also happen when a few molecules have an even number of electrons (as in O2). The water repels the magnet, as we can see. This happens because any magnetic field near water produces its own magnetic field, repelling the magnet, a phenomenon known as diamagnetism. Problem 3: What are the Diamagnetic Materials? Solution: Diamagnetic materials resist the magnetic field in the same way as an external magnetic field repels it, but they also create an induced magnetic field in the opposite direction, resulting in a repulsive force. Problem 4: A diamagnetic substance is heated from 200 to 450 degrees Celsius. What is the diamagnetic susceptibility change? Answer: Temperature has no effect on diamagnetic susceptibility, therefore heating a material will not affect its diamagnetic susceptibility. Problem 5: Give few examples of diamagnetic substances. Solution: Copper, Zinc, Bismuth, Silver, Gold, Antimony, Marble, Water, Glass, NACL, and other diamagnetic compounds are only a few examples. Comment More infoAdvertise with us Next Article Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets A anurag652 Follow Improve Article Tags : School Learning Physics Class 12 Physics-Class-12 Similar Reads CBSE Class 12 Physics Notes 2023-24 CBSE Class 12 Physics Notes are an essential part of the study material for any student wanting to pursue a career in engineering or a related field. Physics is the subject that helps us understand our surroundings using simple and complex concepts combined. Class 12 physics introduces us to a lot o 10 min read Chapter 1: Electric Charges and FieldsUnit of Electric ChargeElectric charge is the fundamental property of matter. Various properties are explained by the electric charges. So it is very important to note the unit of electric charge and other parameters of the electric charge. In this article, we will learn about electric charge its definition, and the units 5 min read Conductors and InsulatorsWhen humans remove synthetic clothing or sweater, especially in dry weather, he or she often sees a spark or hear a crackling sound. With females' clothing like a polyester saree, this is essentially observed. Another example is Lightning a common form of electric discharge that seen in the sky duri 9 min read Charging by InductionCharging by Induction- A spark or crackling sound emerges when our synthetic garments or sweaters are removed from our bodies, especially in dry weather. This is virtually unavoidable with feminine apparel, such as polyester sarees. Lightning, in the sky during thunderstorms, is another case of elec 13 min read Basic Properties of Electric ChargeElectric Charges are fundamental in the universe. The presence of electric charges are not only seen in the field of science but also in the daily lives of human beings. 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The electric potential energy of a charged object governs its motion in the local electric field.Sometimes electrical potential energy is confused with electric pot 15+ min read Electric Potential Due to a Point ChargeElectric forces are responsible for almost every chemical reaction within the human body. These chemical reactions occur when the atoms and their charges collide together. In this process, some molecules are formed and some change their shape. 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Theoretically, the basic function of the capacitor is to store energy. Its common usage includes energy storage, voltage spike protection, and signal filt 6 min read Chapter 3: Current ElectricityElectric Current in ConductorsElectric current in conductors is the movement of electric charge through a substance, usually a metallic wire or other conductor. Electric current is the rate at which an electric charge flows past a certain point in a conductor, and it is measured in amperes. When a potential difference (voltage) 8 min read Ohm's LawOhm's Law was given by German physicist Georg Simon Ohm. It states the relationship between current, resistance, and voltage across an electrical circuit. This relationship between current I, voltage V, and resistance R was given by famous German scientist Georg Simon Ohm in 1827. He found conductin 11 min read Drift VelocityDrift Velocity as the name suggests refers to the slow movement of electrons in the conductor when an Electromotive force(emf) is introduced. Electrons do not move in a straight line in the conductor, but they move randomly in the conductor colliding with the other electrons and atoms exchanging ene 12 min read Ohm's Law - Definition, Formula, Applications, LimitationsAccording to Ohm's law, the voltage or potential difference between two locations is proportional to the current of electricity flowing through the resistance, and the resistance of the circuit is proportional to the current or electricity travelling through the resistance. V=IR is the formula for O 5 min read Temperature Dependence of ResistanceDevices such as batteries, cells, etc. are essential for maintaining a potential difference across the circuit and are referred to as voltage sources. When a voltage source is connected across a conductor, it creates an electric field which causes the charges to move and this causes current. The val 5 min read Electrical Energy and PowerElectric energy is the most important form of energy and is widely used in almost all the electrical devices around us. These devices have a rating written on them. That rating is expressed in Watts and intuitively explains the amount of electricity the device will consume. Bigger devices like AC, r 9 min read Resistors in Series and Parallel CombinationsResistors are devices that obstruct the flow of electric current in the circuit. They provide the hindrance to the path of the current which flows in the circuit. Resistors consume the current in any circuit and convert them to other forms of energy as required. Various resistors can be added to the 9 min read Electromotive ForceElectromotive Force or EMF is the work done by the per unit charge while moving from the positive end to the negative end of the battery. It can also be defined as the energy gain per unit charge while moving from the positive end to the negative end of the battery. The battery or the electric gener 10 min read Combination of Cells in Series and ParallelThere are many resistances in complex electrical circuits. There are methods to calculate the equivalent resistances in case multiple resistances are connected in series or parallel or sometimes in a combination of series and parallel. In many situations, batteries or different types of voltage sour 6 min read Meter Bridge - Explanation, Construction, Working, Sample ProblemsAn electric flow is a flood of charged particles, like electrons or particles, traveling through an electrical conveyor or space. It is estimated as the net pace of stream of electric charge through a surface or into a control volume. The moving particles are called charge transporters, which might 7 min read Potentiometer - Definition, Working Principle, TypesAn electric flow is a surge of charged particles, like electrons or particles, travelling through an electrical channel or space. It is estimated as the net pace of stream of electric charge through a surface or into a control volume. The moving particles are called charge transporters, which might 15 min read Chapter 4: Moving Charges and MagnetismMotion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic FieldThis has been already learned about the interaction of electric and magnetic fields, as well as the motion of charged particles in the presence of both electric and magnetic fields. We have also deduced the relationship of the force acting on the charged particle, which is given by the Lorentz force 9 min read Biot-Savart LawThe Biot-Savart equation expresses the magnetic field created by a current-carrying wire. This conductor or wire is represented as a vector quantity called the current element. Lets take a look at the law and formula of biot-savart law in detail, Biot-Savart Law The magnitude of magnetic induction a 7 min read Ampere's Circuital Law and Problems on ItAndré-Marie Ampere, a French physicist, proposed Ampere's Circuital Law. Ampere was born in Lyon, France, on January 20, 1775. His father educated him at home, and he showed an affinity for mathematics at a young age. Ampere was a mathematician and physicist best known for his work on electrodynamic 5 min read Magnetic Field Due to Solenoid and ToroidA charge is surrounded by an electric field when it is sufficiently sluggish and sits idle. This would make sense to you because it is an electric charge. However, when that charge becomes excited and starts racing about, it generates a magnetic field. Doesn't this strike you as strange? You aren't 8 min read Force between Two Parallel Current Carrying ConductorsMoving charges produce an electric field and the rate of flow of charge is known as current. This is the basic concept in Electrostatics. The magnetic effect of electric current is the other important phenomenon related to moving electric charges. Magnetism is generated due to the flow of current. M 8 min read Current Loop as a Magnetic DipoleWhen a charge move it generates an electric field and the rate of flow of charge is the current in the electric field. This is the basic concept in Electrostatics. The magnetic effect of electric current is the other important concept related to moving electric charges. Magnetism is generated due to 11 min read Moving Coil GalvanometerHans Christian Oersted discovered in 1820 that a current-carrying conducting wire produces a magnetic field around it. His findings from his experiments are as follows: The magnetic compass needle is aligned tangent to an imaginary circle centered on the current-carrying cable.When the current is re 10 min read Chapter 5: Magnetism and MatterMagnetismMagnetism in Physics is defined as the property of the material that is responsible for the magnetic behaviour of the magnets. Magnetism is defined as the force that is produced by the moving charge and it attracts or repels other magnets and moving charge. Initially, magnetism is defined as the pro 11 min read Earth's Magnetic Field - Definition, Causes, ComponentsIf you've ever used a compass (either a classic mechanical one or one incorporated into your smartphone), you'll know that it always points north. If you hang a refrigerator magnet from the ceiling, it will also point north. This implies that the ground beneath your feet generates a magnetic field a 7 min read Magnetization and Magnetic IntensityWe've all had fun with magnets as kids. Some of us are now even playing with them! What makes them magnetic though? Why aren't there magnetic fields in all materials and substances? Have you ever given it any thought? The subjects of magnetization and magnetic intensity will be covered in this chapt 6 min read Diamagnetic Materials - Definition, Properties, ApplicationsThe genesis of magnetism is due to the spin motion of electrons and their interactions with one another. Describing how materials respond to magnetism is the greatest approach to present different sorts of magnetic materials. You might be surprised to learn that all matter is magnetic. The main dist 6 min read Permanent Magnets and ElectromagnetsThe magnetic field and strength are the main differences between permanent magnets and electromagnets. A wire-wound coil creates the magnetic field in an Electromagnet, whereas the magnetic field of a Permanent (Bar) Magnet cannot be altered. The strength of a Permanent Magnet is determined by the m 7 min read Chapter 6: Electromagnetic InductionExperiments of Faraday and HenryFor a long time, electricity and magnetism were thought to be separate and unrelated phenomena. Experiments on electric current by Oersted, Ampere and a few others in the early decades of the nineteenth century established the fact that electricity and magnetism are inter-related. They discovered th 5 min read Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic InductionFaraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction is the basic law of electromagnetism that is used to explain the working of various equipment that includes an electric motor, electric generator, etc. Faraday's law was given by an English scientist Michael Faraday in 1831. According to Faraday's Law of El 10 min read Lenz's LawLenz law was given by the German scientist Emil Lenz in 1834 this law is based on the principle of conservation of energy and is in accordance with Newton's third law. Lenz law is used to give the direction of induced current in the circuit. In this article, let's learn about Lenz law its formula, e 7 min read Motional Electromotive ForceThe process of induction occurs when a change in magnetic flux causes an emf to oppose that change. One of the main reasons for the induction process in motion. We can say, for example, that a magnet moving toward a coil generates an emf, and that a coil moving toward a magnet creates a comparable e 14 min read Energy ConsiderationForce is the influence that causes an object to move or change its motion. In our daily activities, we apply force to our bodies. To generate this force, our body requires energy. Therefore, there is a connection between force and energy, and this connection is explained through the concept of energ 9 min read What are Eddy Currents?Eddy currents are whirling currents produced in a conductor by a changing magnetic field. They are a fundamental phenomenon in electromagnetism, resulting from Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, which states that a changing magnetic field generates an electromotive force (EMF) and, eventual 9 min read Inductance - Definition, Derivation, Types, ExamplesMagnetism has a mystical quality about it. Its capacity to change metals like iron, cobalt, and nickel when touched piques children's interest. Repulsion and attraction between the magnetic poles by observing the shape of the magnetic field created by the iron filling surrounding the bar magnet will 13 min read AC Generator - Principle, Construction, Working, ApplicationsA changing magnetic flux produces a voltage or current in a conductor, which is known as electromagnetic induction. It can happen when a solenoid's magnetic flux is changed by moving a magnet. There will be no generated voltage (electrostatic potential difference) across an electrical wire if the ma 7 min read Chapter 7: Alternating CurrentAC Voltage Applied to a ResistorAlternating Currents are used almost as a standard by electricity distribution companies. In India, 50 Hz Alternating Current is used for domestic and industrial power supply. Many of our devices are in fact nothing but resistances. These resistances cause some voltage drop but since the voltage thi 5 min read Phasors | Definition, Examples & DiagramPhasor analysis is used to determine the steady-state response to a linear circuit functioning on sinusoidal sources with frequency (f). It is very common. For example, one can use phasor analysis to differentiate the frequency response of a circuit by performing phasor analysis over a range of freq 10 min read AC Voltage Applied to an InductorAlternating Currents and Voltages vary and change their directions with time. They are widely used in modern-day devices and electrical systems because of their numerous advantages. Circuits in everyday life consist of resistances, capacitors, and inductances. Inductors are devices that store energy 5 min read AC Voltage Applied to a CapacitorAlternating Currents and Voltages vary and change their directions with time. They are widely used in modern-day devices and electrical systems because of their numerous advantages. Circuits in everyday life consist of resistances, capacitors, and inductance. Capacitors are the devices that accumula 6 min read Series LCR CircuitsIn contrast to direct current (DC), which travels solely in one direction, Alternating Current (AC) is an electric current that occasionally reverses direction and alters its magnitude constantly over time. Alternating current is the type of electricity that is delivered to companies and homes, and 8 min read Power in AC CircuitAlternating Current and Voltages change their magnitude and direction with time. This changes the way calculations for power and other quantities are done in circuits. Furthermore, with the introduction of capacitors and inductances, many other effects come into play which alters the power calculati 6 min read LC OscillationsThe Difference between the Direct and Alternating current is that the direct current (DC), travels only in one direction while the alternating current (AC) is an electric current that alternates direction on occasion and alters its amplitude continuously over time. Alternating current is the type of 9 min read TransformerA transformer is the simplest device that is used to transfer electrical energy from one alternating-current circuit to another circuit or multiple circuits, through the process of electromagnetic induction. A transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction to step up or step down th 15+ min read Chapter 8: Electromagnetic WavesDisplacement CurrentDisplacement current is the current that is produced by the rate of change of the electric displacement field. It differs from the normal current that is produced by the motion of the electric charge. Displacement current is the quantity explained in Maxwell's Equation. It is measured in Ampere. Dis 12 min read Electromagnetic WavesA wave is a propagating dynamic disturbance (change from equilibrium) of one or more quantities that is commonly described by a wave equation in physics, mathematics, and related subjects. Electromagnetic waves are a mix of electric and magnetic field waves produced by moving charges. The origin of 11 min read Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic Spectrum: The sun is our planet's principal source of energy, and its energy travels in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic energy moves across space at the speed of light in the form of waves of electric and magnetic fields with a range of frequencies or wavelengt 11 min read Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical InstrumentsSpherical MirrorsSpherical mirrors are generally constructed from glass. 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Since Dimond has multiple reflecting surfaces through which the Total internal reflection t 8 min read Image formation by Spherical LensesYou might have used a microscope in the science lab for magnifying the micro-size object. It basically magnifies tiny objects and we can see the enlarged image of that object. Telescopes are used by scientists to the planets and stars which are far- far away from the earth. You might see the spectac 8 min read Like