| Syntax | Simple, dynamic typing | Strict, static typing | Complex, static typing | Clean, static typing | Flexible, dynamic typing |
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| Memory Management | Automatic (Garbage collection) | Automatic (Garbage collection) | Manual or automatic (RAII, smart pointers) | Automatic (Garbage collection) | Automatic (Garbage collection) |
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| Encapsulation | Convention via underscore/private | Explicit private/public/protected | Explicit private/public/protected | Explicit private/public/protected | Via closures and private fields (#) |
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| Polymorphism | Supported via method overriding | Supported via overriding & interfaces | Supported via virtual functions | Supported via virtual methods and interfaces | Supported via prototype chaining and method overriding |
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| Inheritance | Single and multiple inheritance | Single inheritance, interfaces | Multiple inheritance supported | Single inheritance, multiple interfaces | Prototype-based inheritance |
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| Abstraction | Supported via abstract base classes and interfaces (via ABC module) | Supported via abstract classes and interfaces | Supported via abstract classes and pure virtual functions | Supported via abstract classes and interfaces | Achieved through prototypes and ES6 classes |
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| Access Modifiers | No strict enforcement; convention only (_ or __) | Strict enforcement (private, protected, public) | Strict enforcement (private, protected, public) | Strict enforcement (private, protected, internal, public) | Limited; public by default, private via # or closure |
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| Multiple Inheritance | Supported | Not supported for classes; allowed via interfaces | Fully supported | Not supported for classes; allowed via interfaces | Not supported; prototypal inheritance used instead |
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| Method Overloading | Not natively supported; can be mimicked | Supported | Supported | Supported | Not supported natively |
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