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CBSE Class 8 Science Notes 2023-24

Last Updated : 21 Apr, 2025
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CBSE Class 8 Science Notes 2023-24 is a comprehensive guide for CBSE Class 8 students. The Class 8 syllabus is designed to provide students with a strong foundation in the basic principles of science, including Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, and to encourage them to think scientifically. Our CBSE Notes of Class 8 Science help students study smartly and get a clear picture of each and every concept discussed in their syllabus. Rather than that, when students engage with meticulously crafted CBSE Class 8 notes, they can grasp and retain the significance of every concept they learn with heightened effectiveness.The 8th science revision notes also contain neatly illustrated examples for quick revision of essential topics from NCERT, as well as some solved sample questions to aid better understanding. CBSE Notes are very important to get good grades in CBSE exams.

Our NCERT Science Notes provide a clear and comprehensive understanding of the key concepts of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. Save time and gain a comprehensive overview of each chapter with our well-structured and easy-to-follow format with the help of Science notes class 8. Boost your exam preparation, score higher marks, and study more imaginative with our Class 8 Science Notes.

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes
Class 8 Science Notes

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes 2023-24 - Chapters List

CBSE Science Notes for Class 8 2023-24 - Chapters List

  • Chapter 1: Crop Production and Management 
  • Chapter 2: Microorganisms: Friend and Foe 
  • Chapter 3: Synthetic Fibers and Plastics 
  • Chapter 4: Materials: Metals and Non-Metals 
  • Chapter 5: Coal and Petroleum 
  • Chapter 6: Combustion and Flame 
  • Chapter 7: Conservation of Plants and Animals 
  • Chapter 8: Cell Structure and Functions 
  • Chapter 9: Reproduction in Animals 
  • Chapter 10: Reaching the Age of Adolescence
  • Chapter 11: Force and Pressure 
  • Chapter 12: Friction
  • Chapter 13: Sound
  • Chapter 14: Chemical Effects of Electric Current 
  • Chapter 15: Some Natural Phenomena
  • Chapter 16: Light 
  • Chapter 17: Stars and the Solar System 
  • Chapter 18: Pollution of Air and Water 

For further insights into CBSE Class 8, CBSE syllabus, and sample papers, keep following GeeksforGeeks.

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management

CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 1 is about Crop Production and its management. Food is highly vital to humans, and we acquire it from plants and animals since we cannot synthesize our own food as plants do. It gives us the energy we need to accomplish our jobs and survive. Proper production management and distribution are required to produce food for a big population as our county's regular production, and we will study more about it in this science chapter of Class 8 Crop Production and Management.

Food production and storage are covered in the first chapter of CBSE Class 8 Science. This chapter will teach you about various farming practices. The notes for class 8 science Chapter Crop Production and Management provide definitions for all of the chapter’s subjects, including soil preparation for crop production, sowing methods, manures, fertilizers, irrigation methods, crop harvesting, weed control, and crop storage.

  • Agricultural Practices
  • Basic Practices of Crop Production 
  • Preparation of Soil
  • Agricultural Implements
  • Sowing
  • Adding Manure and Fertilisers
  • Irrigation
  • Protection from Weeds
  • Harvesting 
  • Storage
  • Food from Animals
  • Animal Husbandry

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 2 Microorganisms: Friend and Foe

In CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 2, we’re going to discuss microorganisms. Yes, those little friends (or foes in some cases) in our bodies help us survive with ease. There are also harmful microorganisms as well. The main microorganisms in and on our bodies are protozoa, algae, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. But do you know how significant microbes are in our environment? You will be able to understand everything about Chapter 2 of CBSE Class 8 Science notes through these revision notes. 

This science chapter’s main topics are how microbes help in the production of curd and bread, how microorganisms are utilized commercially, how microorganisms promote soil fertility, and how bacteria are used in medicine. With our CBSE notes, you may go over every concept in this chapter again.

  • Introduction of microorganisms
  • Where do Microorganisms Live? 
  • Microorganisms and Us
  • Medicinal Use of Microorganisms
  • Vaccine
  • Increasing Soil Fertility and Cleaning the Environment
  • Disease-causing Microorganisms in Humans
  • Disease-causing Microorganisms in Animals and in plants
  • Food Preservation
  • Nitrogen Fixation
  • Nitrogen cycle

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 3 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics

In CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 3, You will learn things about plastics, fibers, etc. You’ve probably heard that plastic is harmful to the environment. Right now aquatic lives are in danger because of plastics and it’s becoming a menace as it’s not bio-degradable. This science chapter will teach you everything you need to know about it and also about synthetic fibers (also known as man-made fiber). Synthetic fibers are usually a chain of small units joined together; each small unit is a chemical substance.
You should review topics like synthetic fibers and their types, features of synthetic fibers, qualities of plastics, and how plastics affect the environment using our free notes for CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 3.

  • Synthetic and Natural Fibers
  • Types of Synthetic Fibres
  • Polyethylene Terephthalate
  • Characteristics of Synthetic Fibres
  • What is Plastic?
  • Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Materials
  • Plastic Pollution

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 4 Materials: Metals and Non-Metals

CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 4 explains the differences between metals and non-metals. In 8th standard science notes, we’re going to study elements that can be classified into 2 classes - metals material and non-metals materials where we’re going to cover the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals, displacement reactions, metal oxides, reactivity series, metal and nonmetal reactions, metal extraction, and ionic compounds.

  • Metals, Non-metals, and Metalloids
  • Properties of Metals, Non-metals, and Metalloids
  • Chemical Properties of Metals and Non-metals
  • Reactivity Series of Metals
  • Uses of Metals and Non-metals

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 5 Coal and Petroleum

CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 5 is about Coal and Petroleum. Coal and petroleum are used in our day-to-day lives without much of our notice. Coal is used as a fuel in both households and industries. It is also utilized in power plants to generate energy. Petroleum products (such as gasoline and diesel) are utilized as car fuels. Other items (such as kerosene and LPG) are utilized as residential cooking fuels.

In this science revision note, we’ll study natural gas, fossil fuels, and other natural resources. This science chapter explains how important natural resources are to us and how quickly they are disappearing in the ecosystem. The revision notes for CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 5 will help you grasp concepts such as coal formation, petroleum, and natural gas, petroleum refining, forms of coal, oil extraction, and petroleum shortages and conservation.

  • Exhaustible and Inexhaustible Natural Resources
  • What are Fossil Fuels?
  • Products of Coal: Coke, Coal Tar, and Coal Gas
  • What is Petroleum? – Occurrence, Refining, Formation, Uses
  • Petroleum Products
  • Fractional Distillation of Petroleum
  • Sources of Energy – Natural Gas, Petrochemicals and Alternative Sources

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 6 Combustion and Flame

CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 6 is Combustion and Flame. Have you ever stood in front of a fire? Isn't it fascinating? If there was no fire, you must have spotted a candle burning. Have you ever thought about viewing a candle's flame and pondering how it burns and the structure of its flame? So to know how flame and combustion occur, we need to know which combustible substances react with oxygen and what the chemical process is.

This chemistry chapter will explain what combustion is and the many types of combustion. All of the definitions for combustible and non-combustible chemicals, candle flame, candle flame structure, forms of combustion, pollution, global warming, and CNG are included in the CBSE notes prepared by GeeksforGeeks for this chapter.

  • Combustible and Non-combustible Substances
  • What are the Conditions Necessary for Combustion?
  • How do Safety Matches Work?
  • Types of Combustion
  • Flames
  • Combustion of Fuels – Definition, Types, Structure of Flame

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals

CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 7 explains how we can conserve our planet by protecting plants and animals. It’s a crucial chapter that teaches you the truth about what’s going on in our surroundings. 

Deforestation, causes of deforestation, conservation of forests and animals, biosphere reserve, flora and fauna, wildlife sanctuary, national park, red data book, migration, paper recycling, and reforestation are all covered in the CBSE notes for Class 8 Science Chapter 7 by GeeksforGeeks.

  • Introduction Conservation of Plants and Animals 
  • Deforestation and Its Causes
  • Consequences of Deforestation
  • Conservation of Forest and Wildlife
  • Biosphere Reserve
  • Flora and Fauna
  • Endemic Species
  • Wildlife Sanctuary
  • National Park
  • Migration
  • Recycling of Paper
  • Reforestation
  • Red Data Book 

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 8 Cell Structure and Functions

In CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 8, we’re going to discuss cells. A cell is the smallest living thing in the human organism, and all living structures in the human body are made of cells. There are hundreds of different types of cells in the human body, which vary in shape (e.g. round, flat, long and thin, short and thick) and size (e.g. small granule cells of the cerebellum in the brain (4 micrometers), up to the huge oocytes (eggs) produced in the female reproductive organs (100 micrometers) and cell function.

You will learn about cells, cell structure, and their functions in this science chapter. Definitions, pictures, and explanations for all topics in CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 8 are included in the revision notes. Cell organelles, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, nuclei, chromosomes, DNA, and plastids are among them. The primary goal of this chapter is to explain the differences between plant and animal cells.

  • Introduction cell-Structure and Functions 
  • Organisms show Variety in Cell Number, Shape, and Size
  • Cell Structure and Function
  • Cell Membrane
  • Cytoplasm and Nucleus
  • Difference between Plant Cell and Animal Cell
  • Cell Organelles

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals

CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 9 is about Reproduction. Do you know mammals like platypi and the echidna lay eggs on the contrary of giving birth to babies live? Yes, this is very surprising but science is all about discovering new things. There are many domestic animals with different sexual reproduction systems that you might not be aware of. But also asexual reproduction methods that can surprise you, Read more about Reproduction in Animals in this science chapter of CBSE Class 8 Science Notes. 

In this chapter, you’ll learn about asexual reproduction methods such as fission, budding, cell division, mitosis, and meiosis, as well as sexual reproduction. The male and female reproductive systems, as well as certain key concepts, are covered. The chapter’s notes provide all of the necessary information to ensure that you properly understand all of the chapter’s themes.

  • Introduction of Reproduction
  • Male Reproductive Organs
  • Female Reproductive Organs
  • Fertilization
  • Development of Embryo
  • Viviparous and Oviparous Animals
  • Young Ones to Adults
  • Asexual Reproduction
  • Types of Asexual Reproduction

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 10 Reaching The Age of Adolescence

CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 10 is Reaching the Age of Adolescence When you gradually grow and reach the age of adolescence and notice changes in your body, you might get confused and have questions about those body changes. Adolescence begins when your reproductive organs start maturing and this is called the onset of puberty. 

This is another science chapter that is highly significant from a daily life aspect and will help you understand how our bodies change during adolescence. The key themes covered in this chapter are how hormones affect the human body, and various changes throughout puberty such as a change in voice increased height, change in body form, increased sweat gland activity, and gaining mental, emotional, and intellectual maturity. Our CBSE notes cover all of the topics in this chapter.

  • Adolescence and Puberty
  • Physical Changes at Puberty
  • Secondary Sexual Characters
  • Role of Hormones in Initiating Reproductive Function
  • Reproductive Phase of Life in Humans
  • How is the Sex of the Baby Determined?
  • Hormones other than Sex Hormones
  • Role of Hormones in Completing the Life History of Insects and Frogs
  • Reproductive Health

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 11 Force and Pressure

CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 11 is about Force and Pressure. Have you ever wondered how the tug of war works? Why is it regarded as the ultimate game for determining strength? Why do your teammates yell at you to use greater force in order to win the game? The game is a basic instance of opposing teams exerting push and pull forces. Are you studying the Force and Pressure chapter in Class 8 Science? Read on to learn about the key ideas taught in Class 8 Force and Pressure in this physics chapter, as well as science notes and NCERT solutions.

This chapter consists of two parts Force and Pressure respectively, Force includes basic concepts, types, properties/characteristics of forces, Friction, and its different types, etc. While, the section on Pressure comprises Basic concepts, Types of Pressure and Buoyancy, etc which are explained in the articles listed below:

  • What is Force?
  • Push and Pull Force
  • Interaction of Forces
  • Types of Forces
  • Exploring Forces
  • Contact and Non-Contact Forces
  • Change in State of Motion
  • What is Pressure?
  • Types of Pressure
  • Fluid Pressure
  • Atmospheric Pressure
  • Hydrostatic Pressure
  • Buoyancy

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 12 Friction

CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 12 Friction includes Factors affecting friction, Types of friction. Have you ever noticed the sole of your old shoes, the tire of your old bicycle, and other parts of the machines that move on a regular basis? If so then you have definitely seen that after some time they tend to wear off and after some time become useless this is because of the force called friction. Friction is the force that acts between two surfaces in contact and it always acts opposite to the direction of the motion.

  • Force of Friction
  • Factors Affecting Friction
  • Friction: A Necessary Evil
  • Increasing and Reducing Friction
  • Wheels Reduce Friction
  • Rolling Friction
  • Sliding Friction
  •  Fluid Friction
  • Types of Friction
  • Static and Kinetic Friction
  • Limiting Friction

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 13 Sound

In CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 13, we will study about Sound and its properties. Sound is something that can be heard from anything like Television, airplane, etc. Scientifically, Sound can be defined as an energy form that propagates in the form of waves and is produced by vibrations. 

In this physics science chapter and physics notes, we’re going to learn about Sound a type of energy that is produced by vibrations. These vibrations produce sound waves, which travel across media like air and water before reaching our ears. Understand how sound waves are created by vibrations in the form of compression and rarefaction, and how your ears allow you to hear them.

  • Sound Produced by a Vibrating Body
  • How is Sound Produced by Humans?
  • Sound Needs a Medium for Propagation
  • How do we hear?
  • Amplitude, Time Period, and Frequency of a Vibration
  • Pitch and Loudness
  • Audible and Inaudible Sounds
  • Noise and Music
  • Noise Pollution

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current

CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 14 is called Chemical Effects of Electric Current. When you hear the word electric current, you must be thinking about things like an electric bulb or electric rod among other things. But do you know what’re the chemical effects that happen while creating electric current? In this science chapter, we’re going to study what effect electricity and other important physics topics. Electric Current is the rate of the flow of electrons or charges in a conductor. Therefore, the passage of electric current through a conducting solution results in chemical reactions. 

This chapter builds a basic idea of electricity, which will be studied in later classes. As this chapter helps develop a general idea, we will learn about electroplating and the chemical changes that occur when electricity flows through the liquid and its applications. The topic discussed is listed below:

  • Good Conductors and Poor Conductors of Electricity
  • Do Liquids Conduct Electricity?
  • Bases and Salts are Good Conductors
  • Chemical Effects of Electric Current
  • Electrolysis of Water
  • What is Electroplating?

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 15 Some Natural Phenomena

CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 15 is about Natural Phenomena. A natural phenomenon can be defined as a naturally occurring calamity or physical process. In this science chapter, we’re going to understand how natural phenomena occur - be it lightning or earthquake. You might come across some destructive natural phenomena or normal ones and all of them have reasons behind them. This is why it’s crucial to study physics to understand how such phenomena charge. 

Some Natural Phenomena is the fifth science chapter of Class 8 Physics. As the name of the chapter suggests Some Natural Phenomena, therefore, it explains some naturally causing phenomena like lightning, earthquake which are destructive to some extent. Thus, the topics covered in this chapter come up with the basic idea of Lightning and Earthquakes, the destruction caused by them, how they occur and measures to be taken during them. These concepts are discussed in the following articles:

  • What is Lightning?
  • How does Lightning work?
  • Charging by Rubbing
  • Types of Charges and Their Interaction
  • Electric Charge
  • Earthquake – Definition, Causes, Effects, Protection
  • What causes an Earthquake?

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 16 Light

In CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 16, is Light in which we will learn about concepts of reflection and refraction and many more things.  Light class 8 is a form of energy that enables us to see our surroundings when it gets reflected from objects around us. Light is emitted from a source such as the Sun. The term usually refers to visible light, which is visible to the human eye and is responsible for the sense of sight. 

This chapter helps to develop the general and basic concept of Optics (a branch of Physics). According to the CBSE Class 8 Science Notes, here we have covered topics like the concept of Reflection, Laws of Reflection, Types of Reflection, Structure, and Working of the Human Eye, and Dispersion of Light, etc. are discussed in the following articles listed below:

  • Laws of Reflection
  • Regular and Diffused Reflection
  • Multiple Reflections of Light
  • Sunlight — White or Coloured
  • Dispersion of Light
  • Human Eye
  • Braille System

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 17 Stars and The Solar System

CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 17 is Stars and the Solar System which leads one to go to infinity and beyond. The celestial objects you see during the night in the sky are not just a matter of some particles. They’re part of our solar system. In this science chapter, we’re going to look at stars and celestial objects including Mercury Venus, and other planets.

Topics covered are celestial objects, Sun, comets, astronomy, planets, meteors, and meteorites, the moon, satellites, meteor showers, stars, Astronomy in ancient India, artificial satellites, constellation, and Mangalyaan which are discussed in the following articles listed below:

  • What is a Star? The formation, Life Span, Constellations
  • The Moon – Facts, Phases, Surface, Eclipse
  • Constellations
  • The Solar System
  • Artificial Satellites

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 18 Pollution of Air and Water

CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 18 is Pollution of Air and Water. Air is very important to survival and is one of the important elements in the atmosphere. However, our air levels are getting polluted day by day due to different factors like smog, industrial pollution, etc.

This science chapter discusses topics such as air pollution, its causes, the consequences of air pollution on the Taj Mahal, global warming, the greenhouse effect, the effects of global warming, and methods to prevent air pollution. Water contamination, causes of water pollution, and potable water are all covered in this chapter. This chapter’s notes provide comprehensive assistance on all of the chapter’s subjects.

  • What is Air Pollution? Definition, Types, Causes, Prevention
  • Chlorofluorocarbons and Ozone Depletion
  • What are the Effects of Acid Rain on the Taj Mahal?
  • What is Global Warming? – Definition, Causes, Effects, and Impacts
  • Water Pollution – Definition, Causes, Prevention
  • Prevention of Water Pollution

Conclusion

CBSE Class 8 Science Notes are a crucial tool for students in their exam preparation. With our CBSE Class 8 science notes, students can easily focus on their subjects - Physics, Chemistry, and Biology - and retain knowledge effectively. The well-crafted notes, with neat examples, provide a complete overview of all the chapters for quick revision. Using our CBSE class 8 science notes, students can achieve higher marks in exams and experience a smooth learning journey.


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    • What is a Fuel? and Effects of Burning Fuels - NCERT Class-8 Notes
      What is a Fuel? and Fuel Efficiency Burning of Fuels Leads to Harmful Products- Class 8 NCERT Revision Notes: Fuel is a substance that releases energy when burned. Fuels are used to power vehicles, generate electricity, and heat homes and businesses. There are many different types of fuels, includin
      8 min read

    Chapter 5 - Conservation of Plants and Animals

    • What are the Consequences of Deforestation?
      Deforestation involves the large-scale removal of forests, leading to habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity. It increases greenhouse gas emissions, contributing significantly to climate change. The removal of trees causes soil erosion and degrades soil fertility, impacting agriculture. It can
      6 min read

    • Conservation of Forest and Wildlife
      Conservation of Forests and Wildlife is important as humans have vastly altered the Earth's flora and fauna. Wildlife contributes significantly to the stability of our environment by being directly or indirectly involved in natural processes. Each living organism is equally important in the food cha
      9 min read

    • Biosphere Reserve - Zones and Their Importance
      Biosphere Reserves are protected areas that aim to conserve the biodiversity of a particular region while promoting sustainable development. The biosphere reserve zones are the core area, buffer zone, and transition zone. There are 18 biosphere reserves in India. Examples of biosphere reserves in th
      6 min read

    • What is Flora and Fauna?
      Life in Temperate grasslands is described as having grasses as the prevailing vegetation. Trees and huge bushes are missing. Temperatures differ more from summer to winter, and how much precipitation is less in calm prairies Temperate grasslands have sweltering summers and cold winters. Precipitatio
      4 min read

    • Endemic Species - Characteristics, Types and Examples
      Species that are exclusive to one area and not found anywhere else in the world are known as endemic species. As an illustration, Polar bears are unique to polar regions and are not found anywhere else in the globe. When they were in captivity, people introduced them, which is why they have occasion
      8 min read

    • Wildlife Sanctuary
      The wildlife sanctuary is a protected land area for the conservation and preservation of wildlife and their natural habitats. These areas are established to provide a protected environment, where various plant and animal species can thrive without any human disturbance. These wildlife sanctuaries ha
      7 min read

    • National Park
      For the conservation of plants and animals, there are widely available biospheres, sanctuaries, and national parks across the world. The biosphere is the area of the world where there are living things that can support life. The term "biosphere reserve" refers to a larger protected area that aims to
      5 min read

    • Migration in Animals, Birds, and Fishes
      Migration, in biology, is the movement of animals from one location to another. Animals migrate looking for resources such as food, water, or favorable reproductive grounds. It is a common behavior seen in many species, including fish, birds, insects, and mammals. There are many types of migration l
      6 min read

    • NCERT Notes for Class 8 Recycling of Paper
      The conservation of plants and animals is crucial, therefore taking care of the same can save our ecosystem and can make it more sustainable and healthier for further generations. Recycling paper is one of the useful ways to contribute to this cause. We find waste matters on a large scale, recycling
      3 min read

    • Reforestation
      Without woods, life on Earth would not be possible. As the planet's lungs, the forests and oceans play a critical role in the fight against climate change by absorbing 20 billion tonnes of CO2 annually. The principal gas that causes the greenhouse effect and is mostly to blame for global warming is
      10 min read

    • Red Data Book
      Red Data Book, back in history between 1961 and 1964, came into existence due to a search conducted by a Russian biologist. It is a Russian-origin name of a publication that deals particularly with endangered biological species. It provides complete information from a research point of view of all t
      6 min read

    • NCERT Notes for Class 8 Science Chapter 5: Conservation of Plants and Animals
      NCERT Notes for Class 8 Science Chapter - 5: Conservation of Plants and Animals: Plants and animals play integral roles in sustaining life on Earth. They contribute to vital ecological processes such as pollination, nutrient cycling, and maintaining the overall health of ecosystems. However, human a
      9 min read

    Chapter 6 - Reproduction In Animals

    • Embryo Development - Development Process of Fetus
      Birth gives process to a child is known as reproduction. A species' survival depends on its ability to reproduce. There are two different ways to reproduce: Sexual reproduction is asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that occurs without the involvement of 2 parents. A
      5 min read

    • Difference Between Oviparous and Viviparous Animals
      The animal world is flooded with a lot of diversity. One can easily see these differences by comparing two individuals of different phylum (or even in the case of orders) if we talk about Fertilization (The fusion of male and female gametes). We can see some marked differences. On a broad basis, Fer
      4 min read

    • NCERT Notes for Class 8 Science Chapter 6: Reproduction in Animals
      NCERT Notes for Class 8 Science Chapter - 6: Reproduction in Animals: Reproduction is essential for species to survive; it ensures their continued existence for many generations by passing on traits from one generation to the next.  Without it, individuals of similar genetic makeup would not continu
      9 min read

    Chapter 7- Reaching The Age Of Adolescence

    • Difference Between Adolescence and Puberty
      Understanding the difference between adolescence and puberty is important for grasping human development. Adolescence refers to the transitional stage from childhood to adulthood, encompassing physical, psychological, and social changes. Puberty, a key aspect of adolescence, involves biological chan
      6 min read

    • Role of Hormones in Initiating Reproductive Function
      Reaching adolescence is a critical stage of human development that brings significant physical and emotional changes. One of the most prominent changes that occur during this period is the activation of reproductive function, which is primarily regulated by hormones. Hormones are chemicals that act
      7 min read

    • How Reproduction is Happening in Humans?
      Humans are sexually reproducing organisms. They produce gametes containing genetic material that form the zygote and develop into offspring. The process of reproduction in humans includes the development of gametes (gametogenesis), which are sperm cells in males and egg cells in females, the transfe
      7 min read

    • Hormones
      Growing up is a normal part of life. Adolescence is the stage of life when the body undergoes changes that lead to reproductive maturity. Around age 11, adolescence begins, and it lasts until 18 or 19. Adolescents are also referred to as 'teenagers' because this period encompasses the 'teens' (13 to
      7 min read

    • Role of Hormones in Completing the Life History of Insects and Frogs
      The role of hormones in completing the life history of insects and frogs involves regulating developmental stages such as metamorphosis, growth, reproduction, and behaviour. The hormones are chemical messengers that play an important role in the life cycle of insects and frogs. In frogs, the hormone
      7 min read

    • Reaching The Age Of Adolescence - Reproductive Health
      Adolescence, derived from the Latin adolescere, which means "to grow up," is a stage of physical and psychological human development that generally occurs between puberty and legal adulthood (age of majority). Adolescence is most closely associated with the adolescent years, though its physical, psy
      10 min read

    • NCERT Notes Science for Class 8 Chapter - 7: Reaching The Age of Adolescence
      NCERT Notes for Class 8 Science Chapter - 7: Reaching The Age of Adolescence: Growing up is a natural process. Growth begins from the day one is born. But upon crossing the age of 10 or 11, there is a sudden spurt in growth which becomes noticeable. The changes taking place in the body are part of g
      7 min read

    Chapter 8 - Force And Pressure

    • Push and Pull Force
      A push force or pull force is a force upon an object arising from the object's or body’s interaction with another object. A push or pull only exists as a result of an interaction, like when a body, an object or a material is either pushed or pulled, which is termed as a force. A force due to action
      11 min read

    • Interaction of Forces
      Before we explore how force can affect the state of motion of a body, let’s first look at what force is. Force is an interaction between two or more bodies that, when unopposed, causes a change in the state of motion of an object. By the definition of force, it is clear that force is something that
      9 min read

    • Exploring Forces
      A force is a push or pull upon a body of any mass resulting from the body's interaction with another body. Whenever there is an interaction between two bodies, there is a force upon each of the bodies. This article will discuss what force is, exploring forces, types of forces, and the effect of forc
      5 min read

    • Change in State of Motion
      In science, a push or pull of an entity is identified as a Force. The interaction between two objects arises from the force. Force has both magnitude and direction. The strength of a force is articulated in magnitude. Force brings about an altar in the direction or state of motion of a body. Charact
      11 min read

    • Contact and Non Contact Forces
      Contact and Non-Contact Forces are the two main types of forces. Contact Force is a force that acts between objects in contact with each other. For example, Contact force can be experienced when an object is sliding on a surface, due to frictional force. However, Non-Contact Force does not require a
      7 min read

    • What is Pressure?
      Pressure is the force applied to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Various units are used to express pressure. Some of these derive from a unit of force divided by a unit of area; the SI unit of pressure, the pascal (Pa), for example, is one newton per squa
      9 min read

    • Atmospheric Pressure
      Atmospheric pressure is the force exerted by the weight of the air above a given point on Earth's surface. It is a crucial aspect of atmospheric science and has various implications for weather, aviation, and everyday life. Atmospheric Pressure is about 1.01325 Pascal at sea level. Our body itself i
      14 min read

    Chapter 9 - Friction

    • What is Frictional Force?
      Frictional Force or Force of Friction is the opposing force when two surfaces come in contact with each other to move either in the same direction or in opposite directions. As friction is a force that opposes or resists the motion of an object that comes in contact and slides against each other. He
      14 min read

    • Factors Affecting Friction
      Friction is an opposing force that restricts the motion of one body over the surface of another body in contact with it. It is absolutely necessary for the motion of any object over another. It is like a necessary evil that harms and helps. Its dual function can be explained by the example of walkin
      11 min read

    • Friction: A Necessary Evil
      In Daily Life, You might have seen a vehicle slowing down, or you also have stopped your cycle by applying break whenever needed. Did you notice that an object moving on another object’s surface stops after some time when no external force is applied? Have you ever think about why this happened? Hav
      6 min read

    • Increasing and Reducing Friction
      The force that acts between two bodies which are sliding or trying to slide against each other is known as friction. For example, when we push a box along a rough floor, friction is responsible for making the task difficult. Friction is also known as an opposing force since it always acts in the opp
      8 min read

    • Fluid Friction
      Fluid friction occurs between fluid layers that are moving relative to each other. This internal resistance to flow is called viscosity or viscous drag or fluid friction. In normal terms, the viscosity of a fluid is described as its "thickness" of the fluid. Thus, water is "thin", having a lower vis
      10 min read

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