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ML | Mini-Batch Gradient Descent with Python
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ML | Mini-Batch Gradient Descent with Python

Last Updated : 02 Aug, 2022
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In machine learning, gradient descent is an optimization technique used for computing the model parameters (coefficients and bias) for algorithms like linear regression, logistic regression, neural networks, etc. In this technique, we repeatedly iterate through the training set and update the model parameters in accordance with the gradient of the error with respect to the training set. Depending on the number of training examples considered in updating the model parameters, we have 3-types of gradient descents:

  1. Batch Gradient Descent: Parameters are updated after computing the gradient of the error with respect to the entire training set
  2. Stochastic Gradient Descent: Parameters are updated after computing the gradient of the error with respect to a single training example
  3. Mini-Batch Gradient Descent: Parameters are updated after computing the gradient of  the error with respect to a subset of the training set
Batch Gradient DescentStochastic Gradient DescentMini-Batch Gradient Descent
Since the entire training data is considered before taking a step in the direction of gradient, therefore it takes a lot of time for making a single update.Since only a single training example is considered before taking a step in the direction of gradient, we are forced to loop over the training set and thus cannot exploit the speed associated with vectorizing the code.Since a subset of training examples is considered, it can make quick updates in the model parameters and can also exploit the speed associated with vectorizing the code.
It makes smooth updates in the model parametersIt makes very noisy updates in the parametersDepending upon the batch size, the updates can be made less noisy - greater the batch size less noisy is the update

Thus, mini-batch gradient descent makes a compromise between the speedy convergence and the noise associated with gradient update which makes it a more flexible and robust algorithm.

Convergence in BGD, SGD & MBGD

 Mini-Batch Gradient Descent: Algorithm-

Let theta = model parameters and max_iters = number of epochs. for itr = 1, 2, 3, ..., max_iters:       for mini_batch (X_mini, y_mini):

  • Forward Pass on the batch X_mini:
    • Make predictions on the mini-batch
    • Compute error in predictions (J(theta)) with the current values of the parameters
  • Backward Pass:
    • Compute gradient(theta) = partial derivative of J(theta) w.r.t. theta
  • Update parameters:
    • theta = theta - learning_rate*gradient(theta)

Below is the Python Implementation: 

Step #1: First step is to import dependencies, generate data for linear regression, and visualize the generated data. We have generated 8000 data examples, each having 2 attributes/features. These data examples are further divided into training sets (X_train, y_train) and testing set (X_test, y_test) having 7200 and 800 examples respectively. 

Python3 
# importing dependencies import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt  # creating data mean = np.array([5.0, 6.0]) cov = np.array([[1.0, 0.95], [0.95, 1.2]]) data = np.random.multivariate_normal(mean, cov, 8000)  # visualising data plt.scatter(data[:500, 0], data[:500, 1], marker='.') plt.show()  # train-test-split data = np.hstack((np.ones((data.shape[0], 1)), data))  split_factor = 0.90 split = int(split_factor * data.shape[0])  X_train = data[:split, :-1] y_train = data[:split, -1].reshape((-1, 1)) X_test = data[split:, :-1] y_test = data[split:, -1].reshape((-1, 1))  print(& quot        Number of examples in training set= % d & quot        % (X_train.shape[0])) print(& quot        Number of examples in testing set= % d & quot        % (X_test.shape[0]))

Output:

  

Number of examples in training set = 7200 Number of examples in testing set = 800   

Step #2: Next, we write the code for implementing linear regression using mini-batch gradient descent. gradientDescent() is the main driver function and other functions are helper functions used for making predictions - hypothesis(), computing gradients - gradient(), computing error - cost() and creating mini-batches - create_mini_batches(). The driver function initializes the parameters, computes the best set of parameters for the model, and returns these parameters along with a list containing a history of errors as the parameters get updated.

Example 

Python3 
# linear regression using "mini-batch" gradient descent # function to compute hypothesis / predictions   def hypothesis(X, theta):     return np.dot(X, theta)  # function to compute gradient of error function w.r.t. theta   def gradient(X, y, theta):     h = hypothesis(X, theta)     grad = np.dot(X.transpose(), (h - y))     return grad  # function to compute the error for current values of theta   def cost(X, y, theta):     h = hypothesis(X, theta)     J = np.dot((h - y).transpose(), (h - y))     J /= 2     return J[0]  # function to create a list containing mini-batches   def create_mini_batches(X, y, batch_size):     mini_batches = []     data = np.hstack((X, y))     np.random.shuffle(data)     n_minibatches = data.shape[0] // batch_size     i = 0      for i in range(n_minibatches + 1):         mini_batch = data[i * batch_size:(i + 1)*batch_size, :]         X_mini = mini_batch[:, :-1]         Y_mini = mini_batch[:, -1].reshape((-1, 1))         mini_batches.append((X_mini, Y_mini))     if data.shape[0] % batch_size != 0:         mini_batch = data[i * batch_size:data.shape[0]]         X_mini = mini_batch[:, :-1]         Y_mini = mini_batch[:, -1].reshape((-1, 1))         mini_batches.append((X_mini, Y_mini))     return mini_batches  # function to perform mini-batch gradient descent   def gradientDescent(X, y, learning_rate=0.001, batch_size=32):     theta = np.zeros((X.shape[1], 1))     error_list = []     max_iters = 3     for itr in range(max_iters):         mini_batches = create_mini_batches(X, y, batch_size)         for mini_batch in mini_batches:             X_mini, y_mini = mini_batch             theta = theta - learning_rate * gradient(X_mini, y_mini, theta)             error_list.append(cost(X_mini, y_mini, theta))      return theta, error_list

Calling the gradientDescent() function to compute the model parameters (theta) and visualize the change in the error function. 

Python3 
theta, error_list = gradientDescent(X_train, y_train) print("Bias = ", theta[0]) print("Coefficients = ", theta[1:])  # visualising gradient descent plt.plot(error_list) plt.xlabel("Number of iterations") plt.ylabel("Cost") plt.show()

Output: Bias = [0.81830471] Coefficients = [[1.04586595]]

    

Step #3: Finally, we make predictions on the testing set and compute the mean absolute error in predictions. 

Python3 
# predicting output for X_test y_pred = hypothesis(X_test, theta) plt.scatter(X_test[:, 1], y_test[:, ], marker='.') plt.plot(X_test[:, 1], y_pred, color='orange') plt.show()  # calculating error in predictions error = np.sum(np.abs(y_test - y_pred) / y_test.shape[0]) print(& quot        Mean absolute error = & quot        , error)

Output:

  

Mean absolute error = 0.4366644295854125 

The orange line represents the final hypothesis function: theta[0] + theta[1]*X_test[:, 1] + theta[2]*X_test[:, 2] = 0


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ML | Mini-Batch Gradient Descent with Python

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