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What is Plant Kingdom?
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Kingdom Plantae - Class 11 Biology

Last Updated : 21 Apr, 2025
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Kingdom Plantae includes nearly all kinds of plants. Plants are autotrophic organisms that use the sun's energy to produce their own sustenance. Chlorophyll-containing creatures include plants. Algae, Thallophytes, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms are all examples of plants. In this article, we will look into the characteristics and detailed classification of Kingdom Plantae.

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Plantae, commonly known as the plant kingdom is a group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms, that gets the majority of its energy through photosynthesis. It contains a wide range of plant species, from tiny algae to large forests. The vast number of plants that make up this kingdom, together with the different adaptations and qualities they possess, enable them to thrive in a wide range of environments worldwide.

The five-kingdom classification system was proposed by American scientist Robert H. Whittaker in 1969. Whittaker's theory attempted to categorize all living things into five distinct kingdoms according to their fundamental characteristics and evolutionary relationships. He proposed the five kingdoms of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. The kingdom of plants is referred to as "Plantae" by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus, also known as Carolus Linnaeus. He is often cited as the father of contemporary systematics and taxonomy.

Five-Kingdom-Classification-(1)

Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Plantae, or the plant kingdom, is defined by a number of distinctive characteristics that set these species apart from members of other kingdoms. Here are some of Kingdom Plantae's salient features:

  • Eukaryotic Cells: Eukaryotic cells, which have a genuine nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, make up all plants.
  • Cell Wall: Plant cells have a stiff cell wall that is mainly composed of cellulose. This gives the plant structural strength and defense.
  • Photosynthesis: Chlorophyll and other pigments are used by plants, which are autotrophic creatures, to absorb sunlight and perform photosynthesis, which turns light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
  • Multicellularity: The majority of plants have many cell types, each of which is specialized for a certain task. Together, these cells create tissues and organs.
  • Alteration of Generations: Plants typically have a life cycle that alternates between a multicellular haploid (gametophyte) phase and a multicellular diploid (sporophyte) phase. This is known as the alternation of generations.
  • Vascular Tissues: Vascular plants contain specialized tissues that move glucose, nutrients, and water all across the plant. Phloem carries sugars made during photosynthesis, whereas the xylem moves water and minerals from roots to other areas.
  • Reproduction: Plants can reproduce asexually and sexually, respectively. Gametes are fertilized during sexual reproduction in order to produce seeds. Asexual reproduction can take place using techniques like vegetative propagation, in which new plants are created from leftover plant tissue.
  • Seeds and Embryos: Embryos, stored nutrients, and a seed coat are all contained within the structures known as seeds, which are produced by seed plants. Plants may spread out and endure in a variety of environments thanks to seeds.
  • Adaptations: Plants have evolved a vast variety of adaptations to fit different surroundings. The characteristics of these adaptations include waxy cuticles to prevent water loss, unique root systems for anchoring and nutrient uptake, and diverse reproductive techniques for luring pollinators and distributing seeds.

Classification of Kingdom Plantae

Various subgroups or major divisions of the Kingdom Plantae are based on traits including reproductive systems, life cycles, and evolutionary connections. The main divisions of the Kingdom Plantae are as follows:

Bryophytes (Non-vascular plants)

Bryophytes are a group of non-vascular plants that have a simple structural design and no specialized conducting tissues for water and nutrients. They come in three main categories: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, and they are among the most primitive plants.

  • Mosses (Bryopsida): Small, non-vascular plants with simple structures that thrive in moist environments.
  • Liverworts (Marchantiophyta): Another class of non-vascular plants that are frequently discovered in wet environments.
  • Hornwarts (Anthrocerotophyta): Plants having horn-shaped sporophytes and gametophytes are referred to as hornworts.
Bryophyte
Bryophytes

Pteridophytes (Vascular plants without seeds)

Pteridophytes are vascular plants as opposed to non-vascular bryophytes. This indicates that they have tissues designed specifically to carry water, nutrients, and other materials throughout their bodies. Horsetails, whisk ferns, and ferns are all members of the phylum Pteridophytes. 

  • Ferns (Polypodiopsida): Vascular plants with broad fronds and complex reproductive mechanisms are ferns.
  • Horsetails (Equisetopsida): Plants with scale-like leaves and joined stems.
  • Club mosses (Lycopodiopsida): Small-leafed primitive vascular plants.
Pteridopyta
Pteridophytes

Gymnosperms (Plants with Naked Seeds)

Some of the oldest and most primitive plant species on Earth are members of the group of seed-producing plants known as gymnosperms. Gymnosperms (flowering plants) produce seeds that are exposed on the surface of cone scales or other structures, in contrast to angiosperms (flowering plants), which produce seeds enclosed within fruits.

  • Conifers (Coniferophyta): Trees and shrubs that produce cones, such as pine, spruce, and fir.
  • Cycads (Cycadophyta): Ancient plants having leaves resembling palms and thick trunks.
  • Ginkgo (Ginkgophyta): Ginkgo biloba is the only species still alive and is distinguished by its characteristic fan-shaped leaves.
  • Gnetophytes (Gnetophyta): Welwitschia, Ephedra, and Gnetum are among the varied group of organisms known as Gnetophytes (Gnetophyta).

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)

The largest and most varied group of plants on Earth are angiosperms, usually referred to as flowering plants. They are distinguished by the existence of seeds that are enclosed within fruits and flowers, which are specialized reproductive structures.

  • Monocots (Monocotyledonae): Plants classified as monocots (Monocotyledonae), such as grasses, lilies, and orchids, have only one seed leaf (cotyledon) in their embryos.
  • Dicots (Dicotyledonae): Plants that have two seed leaves in their embryos and frequently have leaves with net-veined veins, such as roses, sunflowers, and beans.

Angiosperm

Thallophyta

Many of the organisms that compose up the group Thallophyta have now been divided into various kingdoms within the more general classification of life. Algae and fungi are two examples of organisms that were originally included in the Thallophyta order.

  • Green Algae (Chlorophyta): Simple, multicellular, or unicellular aquatic creatures.
  • Brown Algae (Phaeophyta): Larger seaweeds known as brown algae are typically found in maritime habitats.
  • Red algae (Rhodophyta): They are a common sight in deep marine waters and have pigments that give them a variety of colors.
  • Diatoms (Bacillariophyta): Single-celled algae with intricate silica shells are called diatoms.
  • Dinoflagellates (Dinophyta): Single-celled organisms known as dinoflagellates, some of which can lead to toxic algal blooms (red tides).
Thallophyta
Thallophyta

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What is Plant Kingdom?

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    The epidermal tissue system includes several differentiated cell types including epidermal cells, guard cells, subsidiary cells, and epidermal hairs (trichomes). The epidermis tissue system performs numerous functions: such as preventing water loss, regulating gas exchange, secreting metabolic subst
    7 min read
    Difference between Dicot and Monocot Root
    Flowering plants are also called angiosperms. The anatomy of flowering plants includes the organization of cells and tissues within the bodies of flowering plants. Plants are eukaryotic life forms that are portrayed by their capacity to deliver their own food. They give oxygen, food, and medication
    6 min read
    Monocot and Dicot Stems - Definition, Structure, Characteristics, Examples
    Flowering Plants (Blooming plants) are really characterized into two classes in light of their undeveloped organism, called Monocotyledonous (monocot) plants and Dicotyledonous plants. Allow us to figure out additional about these plants. We can undoubtedly see the underlying similitudes and varieti
    3 min read
    Describe the Internal Structure of a Dorsiventral Leaf
    Flowering plants are also known as angiosperms. The anatomy of flowering plants includes the organization of cells and tissues within the bodies of a flowering plant. Tissues are formed by a group of cells to perform a function. Flowers are known as the reproductive part of the plant since they play
    6 min read
    Isobilateral (Monocotyledonous) Leaf - Definition, Features, Structure, Examples
    On account of the isobilateral leaf, the mesophyll tissue in the leaves isn't separated. It consists of either just springy or palisade parenchyma cells. These sorts of leaves are comparative in an appearance on both sides and, subsequently, are called isobilateral kinds of leaves. On account of the
    9 min read
    Secondary Growth
    Term tissue ( French word meaning woven ) was used by N.Grew (1682) the father of plant anatomy. Nageli is regarded as the father of Modern Anatomy. A cell is the functional and structural unit of life. A tissue is a group of cells having a common origin, the same method of development, and function
    6 min read
    Cork Cambium
    The study of an organism's internal structure is called anatomy. Histology, or the study of tissue organization and structure, is a component of plant anatomy research. Anatomy reveals the structural adaptation to various settings and reveals the structural differences of various groups of plants. T
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    Chapter 7: Structural Organization In Animals

    NCERT Notes of Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals
    Notes on NCERT for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals: Structural organization in animals refers to the arrangement of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems that work together through the division of labour and ensure the survival of the whole body. In this article, yo
    8 min read
    Structural Organization in Animals
    Every living organism is made up of cells. The basic structural organization of any multicellular living organism is as follows: Cells-Tissue-Organ-Organ System Structural Organization in Animals For a living thing to be called living, it must have a cell. Every organism starts with the fundamental
    8 min read
    Epithelial Tissue - Introduction, Characteristics, Types, Importance
    Epithelial tissue is what makes up this part of the animal's anatomy, and it may be found on both the outside and the inside of the body. The body structure of multicellular organisms is more complicated than that of unicellular organisms, in which every important cellular function, such as nutritio
    13 min read
    Connective Tissue - Definition, Functions, Types, Examples
    The connective tissue is a type of tissue that supports, binds, or separates other tissues and organs in the body. Understanding the connective tissue type and function helps in learning about the tissue system in organisms. Connective tissue with a fluid matrix such as blood, circulates throughout
    10 min read
    Organ System
    The cell is the smallest fundamental unit in animals. It is where the structural organization begins. Additionally, tissues are made up of a collection of cells with comparable functions. Organs are created when tissues group together to carry out particular tasks. Cells⇢Tissues⇢Organs⇢Organ system.
    7 min read
    Morphology of Earthworm
    The morphology of earthworms can be described as a cylindrical, segmented body covered by a moist cuticle that facilitates respiration through their skin. Understanding the external and internal morphology of earthworms along with other characteristics helps in analyzing their role in soil health, n
    4 min read
    Earthworm Anatomy
    Earthworms, otherwise called rancher's companion (farmer's friend) comes under the Annelida phylum. Their home is soil and feeds upon the organic matter. Varieties of the organic entity found in India are Pheretima and Lumbricus. They're rosy brown in variety and their body is in a state of an exten
    9 min read
    Morphology of Cockroach
    The primary association in creatures begins from the littlest key unit—the cell. Furthermore, a gathering of cells that carry out a comparable role structures tissues. At the point when tissues assemble to carry out unambiguous roles, they structure organs. Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ system. W
    6 min read
    Anatomy of Cockroach
    The basic association in creatures begins from the littlest, critical unit—the cell. The cell is the basic unit of any living organism. Furthermore, a gathering of cells that carry out a comparable role structures tissues. At the point when tissues assemble to carry out unambiguous roles, they struc
    6 min read
    Morphology and Anatomy of Frogs
    Animals' structural organization begins with their smallest basic unit, the cell. Additionally, tissues are made up of a collection of cells with comparable functions. Organs are created when tissues come together to carry out particular tasks. Frog Frogs are tailed, carnivorous amphibians that are
    6 min read

    Chapter 8: Cell-The Unit of Life

    Cell the Unit of Life Class 11 Notes CBSE Biology Chapter 8
    Class 11 Biology NCERT Notes for Chapter 8 Cell The Unit of Life: Cells are the basic units of life and serve as the building blocks of all living organisms. They differ in structure, composition, and function, but have similarities. The human body is made up of more than trillions of cells. They gi
    15+ min read
    Prokaryotic Cells
    Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms that lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their genetic material is present in a nucleoid region. They are normally smaller than eukaryotic cells, with a size range of 0.1 to 5 μm in diameter. Prokaryotic cells for example bacteria and arch
    5 min read
    Cell Envelope - Definition, Classification, Types, Functions
    All living things are produced using at least one cell. A cell is the most straightforward unit of life and they are liable for keeping a living being alive and working. This prologue to cells is the beginning stage for the area of science that concentrates on the different sorts of cells and how th
    7 min read
    Ribosomes and Inclusion Bodies
    The cell is the structural and functional unit of life. The prokaryotic cells constitute bacteria, blue-green algae, mycoplasma, and PPLO( Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms). The size of prokaryotic cells is usually small ( 0.1- 5.0 μm ). It has one envelope organization. In prokaryotes, DNA is naked,
    9 min read
    Eukaryotic Cells
    Eukaryotic cells include all the protists, plants, animals, and fungi. It forms the domain Eukaryota and possesses an organized nucleus with a nuclear envelope. Their genetic material is organized into chromosomes. Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles like Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endo
    7 min read
    Cell Membrane
    The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, bounds the cell. The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids. It is a selectively permeable membrane that binds the cell and separates the cell from the outside environment. In this article, we will study cell membrane structure, functio
    8 min read
    Endomembrane System - Overview, Structure, and Functions
    Cell is the fundamental and structural unit of all living entity. It is the biological, structural, and functional unit of all plants and animals. cells are the ‘Building Blocks of Life’ or the ‘Basic units of Life’. Organisms made up of a single cell are ‘unicellular’ whereas organisms made up of m
    6 min read
    Mitochondria
    Mitochondria is a double membrane organelle present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria generates energy in the form of ATP because of which mitochondria is known as the "powerhouse of the cell". In 1857 Albert von Kolliker first discovered the organelle and Carl Benda in 1898 gav
    7 min read
    Golgi Apparatus
    Golgi apparatus is an organelle found in most of the eukaryotes. It consists of a series of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae. These cisternae are present one over the other to form the Golgi complex. It is responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles before secretion and therefore plays
    4 min read
    Plastids - Definition, Classification, Structure, Functions
    Plastids are cell organelles that are found in green plants and algae. Plastids are responsible for containing photosynthetic pigments, other coloring pigments, starch, proteins, fats, etc. substances. The credit for the discovery of plastid goes to Ernst Haeckel, however, the proper definition of p
    5 min read
    Ribosomes
    Ribosomes are cellular structures responsible for translating genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. Ribosomes are made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. They are the site of protein synthesis. The ribosome structure consists of two subunits, a small subunit and a large subun
    5 min read
    Cytoskeleton - Definition, Structure, Components, Functions
    The cytoskeleton is an elaborate network of associated protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells. In 1903 Nikolai K.Koltsov coined the term cytoskeleton. It is situated between the membrane of the cell and the cell nucleus. What is Cytoskeleton?The cytoskeleton is a complex structure t
    6 min read
    Cilia And Flagella - Definition, Structure, Functions and FAQs
    Cilia and Flagella are cell organelles that enable cells to move or protect themselves from their surroundings. The human eye is unable to see these. The prokaryotic flagella are structurally distinct from the eukaryotic flagella. Cilia and Flagella are extensions that help to move substances around
    6 min read
    What is Nucleus? | Class 11 Biology
    The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. In biology, the cell has the same central position as that of an atom in the physical sciences. The bodies of living organisms are made up of microscopic units called cells. Cells have evolved a variety of different lifestyles
    7 min read

    Chapter 9: Biomolecules

    Biomolecules - Definition, Structure, Classification, Examples
    Biomolecules is a chemical compound found in living organisms. They are the building blocks of life, essential for the functioning of living organisms. Biomolecules include protein, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes, and nucleic acids. They vary in size and structure. Biomolecules are crucial for life
    8 min read
    How To Analyze Chemical Composition?
    Biomolecules can be defined as the carbon-containing intensifies which are available in both living and non-living things. They are engaged with the support and metabolic cycles of living creatures. Every one of the components intensifies, which are available to make up every living animal. Biomolec
    4 min read
    What are Metabolites - Primary and Secondary Metabolites
    Metabolites are the intermediate molecules produced during various metabolic processes. Metabolites produced by plants are of two types - primary and secondary metabolites. The metabolites examples are antibiotics, glucose, amino acids, etc. Metabolite functions include signalling molecules, defence
    6 min read
    Biomacromolecules - Definition, Types, Functions, Significance
    Biomolecule, also called biological molecules, is any of various substances that are created by cells and living creatures. Biomolecules have many sizes and designs and play out a huge range of capabilities. The four significant kinds of biomolecules are carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. A
    7 min read
    Proteins - Definition, Structure, Significance, Examples
    Biomolecules seem to be the most important kind of organic molecules since they play a role in the upkeep and metabolic activities of living creatures. These non-living molecules are the true footsoldiers fighting for the sustenance of life, and they play an essential role to lead a healthy life in
    11 min read
    Polysaccharides
    Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of multiple sugar (monosaccharide) units linked together. They are essential macromolecules in biology and serve various functions in living organisms. Polysaccharides play a crucial role in energy storage, structural support, and cellular recognitio
    6 min read
    Nucleic Acid - Definition, Function, Structure, and Types
    The nucleic acid is an important molecule in living organisms. Nucleic acid functions as the blueprint for genetic information. Understanding the nucleic acid structure and functions helps in deciphering the genetic code, which contains instructions for building and maintaining living organisms. In
    9 min read
    Protein Structure - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
    Biomolecules, additionally called natural particles, are any of various substances that are created by cells and living creatures. Biomolecules have many sizes and designs and play out an immense range of capabilities. The four significant sorts of biomolecules are fat, lipids, nucleic acids, and pr
    6 min read
    Metabolic Basis For Living | CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 9
    Biomolecules are the fundamental building blocks of all living things. They work together to promote various biological processes that are required for life. They differ in structure and size. Hydrogen and oxygen are the two most abundant elements in biomolecules. Within the body, living systems syn
    7 min read
    Enzymes - Definition, Structure, Classification, Examples
    Enzymes are biological molecules that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical responses in living organisms. They work by lowering the activation energy needed for a response to do, therefore adding the rate of the response without being consumed themselves. Enzymes play pivotal places in colorful na
    11 min read
    Nature of Enzyme Action
    All the carbon-based compounds that are seen in or produced by living organisms and are necessary to a biological cycle are called biomolecules. Examples of biomolecules include proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Even molecules such as metabolites are considered biomolecules. Enzyme
    4 min read
    Mechanism of Enzymes Action
    Different types of cells, tissue, and other complex organs together form the human body. Our body releases some chemicals for the effective functioning of the body and to improve biological processes such as respiration, digestion, excretion, and a few other metabolic activities to maintain a health
    10 min read
    Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
    The factors affecting enzyme activity include temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and the presence of inhibitors or activators. Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes are made up of proteins that are highly specifi
    7 min read
    Cofactors
    Cofactors are non-protein chemical compounds or metallic ions that are essential for an enzyme's biological activity. They can be organic molecules, called coenzymes, or inorganic ions. The cofactor's function is to assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions by stabilizing transition states, enhancing s
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