JS 2015 or ECMAScript 6 (ES6)

Last Updated : 01 Sep, 2023

JS 2015 (ES6) also known as ECMAScript 6 (ES6), ECMAScript 6 (ES6) is a significant update to JavaScript, introducing arrow functions, classes, template literals, let and const for variable declaration, enhanced object literals, destructuring, and more modern features for better code organization and readability.

ECMAScript 6 (ES6) New Features

Name	Description
let keyword	It is used to declare variables in JavaScript that are block-scoped.
const keyword	It is used to declare variables with immutable values.
Arrow Functions	It defines anonymous functions in JavaScript.
The ... Operator	Spread/rest operator unpacks elements (spread) or gathers (rest) them conveniently.
For/of	Iterates over values in iterable objects like arrays, and strings.
Map Objects	It stores key-value pairs, allowing any key type.
Set Objects	It stores unique values, preventing duplicates.
Classes	It is used to define blueprints for creating objects.
Promises	Manage asynchronous operations, simplifying callbacks and async handling.
Symbol	It is unique, immutable, used for private property keys.
Default Parameters	Sign values when function arguments are not provided explicitly.
Function Rest Parameter	Collects function arguments as an array for flexible parameter handling.
String.includes()	Checks if substring is present, returning true/false result.
String.startsWith()	Checks if string begins with specified substring, returning boolean.
String.endsWith()	Checks if string ends with provided substring, returning boolean.
Array.from()	Converts array-like/iterable objects to new array with optional mapping.
Array keys()	Iterates over array indices, allowing index-based iteration.
Array find()	Locates and returns the first array element satisfying a provided condition.
Array findIndex()	Retrieves the index of the first array element satisfying a given condition.
New Math Methods	Methods to perform some mathematical functions.
New Number Properties	Methods to perform some numeric functions, that contains the date, integers, and floating points, etc
New Number Methods	Number.isInteger() and Number.isSafeInteger()
New Global Methods	isFinite() and isNaN()
Object entries	Converts object properties to an array of [key, value] pairs
JavaScript Modules	Encapsulate code for better organization and reusability.

Method 1: let and const keyword

JavaScript let is a keyword used to declare variables in JavaScript that are block scoped.
JavaScript const for declaring variables with immutable values, enhancing code stability and readability.

Syntax:

let variable_name = value;    // let keyword  const const_name;                  // const leyword  const x;

Example: Here is the basic example of using let and const keyword.

JavaScript

// Using let let x = 10;  // Allowed, since x is declared with let x = 20; console.log(x); // Outputs: 20  // Using const const y = 5; y = 8;  // Error! Cannot reassign a const variable console.log(y);

Output:

20  TypeError: Assignment to constant variable.

Method 2: Arrow Function

Arrow functions were introduced in the ES6 version.Arrow functions are anonymous functions i.e. functions without a name and are not bound by an identifier. Arrow functions do not return any value and can be declared without the function keyword. They are also called Lambda Functions.

Syntax:

const gfg = () => {        console.log( "Hi Geek!" );  }

Example: herecis the basic example of arrow function.

JavaScript

const gfg = () => { console.log( "Hi from GeekforGeeks!" ); } gfg();

Output

Hi from GeekforGeeks!

Method 3: Spread Operator

The Spread operator allows an iterable to expand in places where 0+ arguments are expected. It is mostly used in the variable array where there is more than 1 value is expected.

Syntax:

let variablename1 = [...value];

Example: In this example, we are using spread operator to create arr2 with elements from arr1 and add 4, 5 and create obj2 by merging obj1 properties and adding c: 3, d: 4.

JavaScript

// Spread operator with arrays let arr1 = [1, 2, 3]; let arr2 = [...arr1, 4, 5]; console.log(arr2);  // Spread operator with objects let obj1 = { a: 1, b: 2 }; let obj2 = { ...obj1, c: 3, d: 4 }; console.log(obj2);

Output

[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]  { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4 }

Method 4: for/of Loop

The for...of loop in JavaScript iterates over iterable objects, like arrays, strings, for concise and readable element access and iteration.

Syntax:

for ( variable of iterableObjectName) {      . . .  }

Example: In this example, the for...of loop iterates over each element in the numbers array and logs each number to the console.

JavaScript

const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; for (const num of numbers) { console.log(num); };

Output

1  2  3  4  5

Method 5 : Map Objects

In JavaScript, a Map object holds key-value pairs, allowing any type of key, unlike objects. It maintains order and provides methods for manipulation and retrieval.

Syntax:

let map1 = new Map();

Example: Here is thew basic example of map object.

JavaScript

let map1 = new Map(); map1.set("FirstName", "Rohit"); map1.set("LastName", "Sharma"); map1.set("website", "GeeksforGeeks");  console.log(map1);

Output

Map(3) {    'FirstName' => 'Rohit',    'LastName' => 'Sharma',    'website' => 'GeeksforGeeks'  }

Method 6: Set Objects

In JavaScript, a Set object stores unique values of any type. It ensures uniqueness, provides methods for manipulation, and doesn't allow duplicate values within the set.

Syntax:

new Set( [it] );

Example: Here is the basic example of set object.

JavaScript

const mySet = new Set();  mySet.add(1); mySet.add(2); mySet.add(3);  // Duplicate value, ignored mySet.add(2);  console.log(mySet.has(1)); console.log(mySet.has(4));  mySet.delete(2); console.log(mySet.size); // Outputs: 2

Output

true  false  2

Method 7: Promises

Promises in JavaScript manage asynchronous operations, representing eventual results or errors. They simplify handling async code with methods like .then(), .catch(), and allow chaining.

Syntax:

const promise = new Promise((resolve,reject) => {....});

Example: In this example, The prom function returns a Promise based on the complete parameter, resolving with "success" if complete, and rejecting with "failed" otherwise.

JavaScript

function prom(complete) {     return prom = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {         console.log("data iss fetching. please wait")         if (complete) {             resolve("i am successfull")         } else {             reject("i am failed")         }     }) }  prom(true).then((result) => console.log(result) ).catch((error) => console.log(error))

Output

data iss fetching. please wait  i am successfull

Method 8: ES6 Symbol

ES6 Symbol is a unique, immutable data type used as object property keys, ensuring uniqueness. It's primarily for internal/private use, avoiding unintended clashes in properties.

Syntax:

let symbol = Symbol();

Example: In this example, we are going to generate symbols.

JavaScript

// Write Javascript code here let sym1 = Symbol() let sym2 = Symbol('mysymbol') console.log('Type of sym1: ', typeof (sym1)) console.log('Type of sym2: ', typeof (sym2))

Output

Type of sym1:  symbol  Type of sym2:  symbol

Method 9: Default Parameters

It is used to give the default values to the arguments, if no parameter is provided in the function call.

Syntax:

function fnName(param1 = defaultValue1, ..., paramN = defaultValueN) {       . . .  }

Example: In the below example, the first function gives result 7 whereas the second function call will be “undefined” as we did not pass any second argument.

JavaScript

function add(a, b) { return a + b } console.log(add(5, 2)); // 7 console.log(add(5)); // NaN

Output

7  NaN

Method 10: Rest Parameter

In JavaScript, the rest parameter allows functions to accept an arbitrary number of arguments as an array, simplifying variable parameter handling and manipulation.

Syntax:

//... is the rest parameter (triple dots)  function functionname(...parameters) {      statement;  }

Example: In this example, the sum function accepts an arbitrary number of arguments using the rest parameter ...numbers.

JavaScript

function sum(...numbers) {     let total = 0;     for (const num of numbers) {         total += num;     }     return total; }  console.log(sum(1, 2, 3));

Output

Method 11: String.includes() Method

The includes() method in JavaScript is used with strings to check if a specified substring is present, returning true if found, false if not.

Syntax:

string.includes( searchvalue, start )

Example: This method shows the basic use of the String includes() Method.

JavaScript

let str = "Welcome to GeeksforGeeks."; let check = str.includes("Geeks"); console.log(check);

Output

true

Method 12: String.startsWith() and String.endsWith() Methods

The startsWith() method in JavaScript checks if a string starts with a specified substring, returning true if matched, otherwise false.
The endsWith() method in JavaScript checks if a string ends with a given substring, returning true if matched, otherwise false.

Syntax:

str.startsWith( searchString , position )   // startsWith() method   str.endsWith(searchString, length)          // endsWith() method

Example: Here is the basic example of above-mentioned method.

JavaScript

let str1 = "Hello, Geeks!";  console.log(str1.startsWith("Hello")); console.log(str1.startsWith("Geeks"));  console.log(str1.endsWith("Geeks!")); console.log(str1.endsWith("Hello"));

Output

true  false  true  false

Method 13: Array methods

Array from() Method: It converts array-like or iterable objects into a new array with optional mapping function.
Array keys() Method: It provides an iterator for array indices, allowing iteration over keys/indices in an array.
Array find() Method: It locates and returns the first array element satisfying a provided condition.
Array findIndex() Method: It retrieves the index of the first array element satisfying a given condition.

Example: In this example we are using the above mentioned methods one by one.

JavaScript

const languages = ["HTML", "CSS", "JavaScript", "React.js"];  // Using Array.from() to create a new array of lengths const lengths = Array.from(languages, lang => lang.length); console.log(lengths); // Outputs: [4, 3, 10, 7]  // Using Array.keys() to iterate over array indices for (const index of languages.keys()) {     console.log(`Index ${index}: ${languages[index]}`); }  // Using Array.find() to find the first language // with length greater than 5 const longLanguage = languages.find(lang => lang.length > 5); console.log(longLanguage); // Outputs: "JavaScript"  // Using Array.findIndex() to find the index of "React.js" const reactIndex = languages.findIndex(     lang => lang === "React.js");      console.log(reactIndex); // Outputs: 3

Output

[ 4, 3, 10, 8 ]  Index 0: HTML  Index 1: CSS  Index 2: JavaScript  Index 3: React.js  JavaScript  3

Method 14: New Math Methods

ES6 added the following methods to the Math object:

Math.trunc() Method: It removes decimal fractions, returning the integer part of a number, effectively truncating it.
Math.sign() Method: It returns the sign of a number as 1 (positive), -1 (negative), or 0 (zero).
Math.cbrt() Method: It calculates the cubic root of a number, returning the value that, when cubed, equals the input.
Math.log2() Method: It computes the base-2 logarithm of a positive number, indicating the power of 2 needed to obtain the input.
Math.log10() Method: It calculates base-10 logarithm of a positive number, representing power of 10 for the input.

Example: Here we are use Math.trunc() and Math.sign() method.

JavaScript

const num1 = [4.9, -7.2, 16, -25, 30, 100];  const truncatedNumbers = num1.map(num => Math.trunc(num)); console.log("Truncated:", truncatedNumbers);  const signValues = num1.map(num => Math.sign(num)); console.log("Sign:", signValues);

Output

Truncated: [ 4, -7, 16, -25, 30, 100 ]  Sign: [ 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1 ]

Example 2: In this example we are using Math.cbrt(),Math.log2() and Math.log10().

JavaScript

const num2 = [8, -27, 16];  const cbrtRoots = num2.map(num => Math.cbrt(num)); console.log("Cubic Roots:", cbrtRoots);  const log2Values = num2.map(num => Math.log2(Math.abs(num))); console.log("Log base 2:", log2Values);  const log10Values = num2.map(num => Math.log10(Math.abs(num))); console.log("Log base 10:", log10Values);

Output

Cubic Roots: [ 2, -3, 2.5198420997897464 ]  Log base 2: [ 3, 4.754887502163468, 4 ]  Log base 10: [ 0.9030899869919435, 1.4313637641589874, 1.2041199826559248 ]

Method 15: New Number Methods

Number.isInteger() Method: It checks if a value is an integer, returning true if it is, false otherwise.
Number.isSafeInteger() Method: It verifies if a value is within the range of safe integers, preventing precision loss.

Example: In this example we are using the above-mentioned method.

JavaScript

const num1 = 42; const num2 = 3.14; const num3 = 9007199254740992; // Largest safe integer  console.log(Number.isInteger(num1)); console.log(Number.isInteger(num2)); console.log(Number.isSafeInteger(num1)); console.log(Number.isSafeInteger(num3));

Output

true  false  true  false

Method 16: New Global Methods

ES6 added 2 new global number methods:

isFinite() Method: It checks if a value is a finite number, returning true for numbers, excluding NaN and Infinity.
isNaN() Method: It checks if a value is Not-a-Number (NaN), returning true if it's NaN, false otherwise.

Example: In this example we are using the above-mentioned methods.

JavaScript

const var1 = 12; const var2 = "Geeks"; const var3 = NaN; const var4 = Infinity;  console.log(isFinite(var1)); console.log(isFinite(var2));  console.log(isNaN(var1)); console.log(isNaN(var2)); console.log(isNaN(var3));  console.log(isFinite(var3)); console.log(isFinite(var4));

Output

true  false  false  true  true  false  false

Method 17: Object Entries

Object.entries() converts object properties to an array of [key, value] pairs, enabling iteration and manipulation of object contents.

Syntax:

Object.entries( obj )

Example: Here is the basic example of above-mentioned method.

JavaScript

// creating an object constructor // and assigning values to it const obj = { 0: 'adam', 1: 'billy', 2: 'chris' };  // Displaying the enumerable property [key, value] // pairs of the object using object.entries() method console.log(Object.entries(obj)[1]);

Output

[ '1', 'billy' ]

JS 2016 or ECMAScript 2016

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Article Tags :

JS 2015 or ECMAScript 6 (ES6)

ECMAScript 6 (ES6) New Features

Method 1: let and const keyword

Method 2: Arrow Function

Method 3: Spread Operator

Method 4: for/of Loop

Method 5 : Map Objects

Method 6: Set Objects

Method 7: Promises

Method 8: ES6 Symbol

Method 9: Default Parameters

Method 10: Rest Parameter

Method 11: String.includes() Method

Method 12: String.startsWith() and String.endsWith() Methods

Method 13: Array methods

Method 14: New Math Methods

Method 15: New Number Methods

Method 16: New Global Methods

Method 17: Object Entries

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