Immunity - Definition, Types and Vaccination
Last Updated : 21 Apr, 2025
Immunity is a defense mechanism of the body that is provided by the immune system and helps in fighting disease-causing organisms. There are two immunity types: innate and acquired immunity. Immunity-enhancing foods help boost the body's immune system Vaccination also enhances immunity by exposing the immune system to harmless antigens, preparing it to give a quicker and stronger response upon encountering the disease-causing pathogen.
In this article, we will study immunity and its type, vaccination, and immunization.
What is Immunity?
Immunity Definition - Immunity is the body's defense system that protects against infections and diseases by recognizing and fighting against harmful pathogens.
Immunity allows the body to recognize and eliminate pathogens, preventing their harmful effects and promoting overall health. The two main types of immunity are innate, providing immediate but nonspecific protection, and adaptive, offering targeted and memory-based responses. Adaptive immunity involves T and B cells that recognize and remember specific pathogens.
Immunization, or vaccination, enhances adaptive immunity by exposing the immune system to harmless antigens, promoting a quicker and more effective response upon subsequent exposure to the actual pathogen. Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly targets the body's own tissues, leading to various autoimmune diseases.
Alos Read; Types of Antigen
Types of Immunity
Immunity means the body's ability to defend against pathogens, and it is achieved through the immune system's ability to recognise and eliminate harmful pathogens. Immunity is of two types:
- Innate immunity
- Acquired immunity
Innate Immunity
Innate immunity refers to the body's natural defence system that provides immediate protection against pathogens. This type of immunity is present in an organism by birth. It is non-specific which means it is common for all pathogens. Innate immunity generates a rapid response. It includes physical barriers, physiological barriers, and cellular defences which recognize and eliminate pathogens. Also, the inflammatory response, fever and cytokines barriers are crucial aspects of innate immunity that eliminate infections. Two levels of defence come under Innate Immunity:
- First level of defence
- Second level of defence
First Level of Defence
The first level of defense is provided by the body's physical and chemical barriers, such as the skin and mucous membranes. It act as a protective shield against pathogens, preventing their entry into the body. These barriers act as the initial line of defense, forming an important part of the innate immune system. The first level of defence includes two types of barriers-
- Physical Barriers: Skin act as a physical barrier for incoming pathogens. Mucus epithelium in the nose and gut in the small intestine trap pathogens and prevent their entry into the body.
- Chemical Barriers: HCl in the stomach creates a strong acidic environment that kills pathogens. Saliva in the mouth, and tears in the eyes have anti-biotic properties.
Second Level of Defence
The second level of defense involves the innate immune system's cellular response, where white blood cells like macrophages and neutrophils recognize and engulf pathogens. This rapid, nonspecific defense helps neutralize and eliminate invaders that breach the initial physical barriers. The second level of defence includes:
- Cellular Barriers: Cellular barriers involve immune cells like macrophages and neutrophils, which actively protects tissues, engulfing and digesting pathogens to prevent infection. These include two types of cells: Phagocytic Cells and Non-Phagocytic cells
- Inflammation: Inflammation is the body's natural and protective response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain at the affected site.
- Fever: A condition in which body temperature increases more than normal. Pathogens release toxins or pyrogens and WBCs release Intraleukins (type of cytokines) or pyrogens. These pyrogens stimulate the Hypothalamus which increases body temperature to decrease the growth of pathogens. Antipyretic drugs like paracetamol can be used to decrease body temperature.
- Cytokines Barriers: Virus-infected cells release interferons. Interferons are small proteins containing 270 amino acids that stimulate non-infected cells to release an antiviral protein known as T.I.P. (Translation Inhibition Protein) that inhibits the translation of viral protein in non-infected cells.
Cells Involved In Innate Immunity
The cells involved in innate immunity are:
- Macrophages: Engulf and digest pathogens; act as antigen-presenting cells to activate other immune cells.
- Neutrophils: Phagocytic cells that rapidly respond to infections, eliminating pathogens through engulfment and destruction.
- Natural Killer (NK) Cells: Target and destroy virus-infected cells and cancer cells; part of the early immune response.
- Dendritic Cells: Capture and present antigens to T cells, initiating adaptive immune responses.
- Mast Cells: Release histamines and other inflammatory mediators in response to injury or infection, contributing to the inflammatory response.
- Basophils and Eosinophils: Involved in the immune response against parasites and play a role in allergic reactions.
- Complement System: Consists of proteins that enhance the immune response by promoting phagocytosis, inflammation, and cell lysis.
- Epithelial Cells: Form physical barriers and secrete antimicrobial substances, contributing to the defense against pathogens.
Also Read: Differences Between Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Acquired Immunity
Acquired immunity refers to the immune response that develops after exposure to specific pathogens. It is a learned and adaptive defence mechanism that targets and eliminates specific pathogens. This type of immunity is acquired after birth. This type of immunity provides long-term protection and the ability to generate a stronger and faster response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen. Acquired immunity involves the production of specialized cells, such as B cells and T cells, and the generation of targeted antibodies.
Cells Involved in Acquired Immunity
Acquired immunity is broadly classified into two types of cells:
B Lymphocytes mediated immunity or Antibody-mediated immunity or Humoral immunity: The antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes are present in blood and are transported all over the body. It has the following features:
- Stem cells in the bone marrow produce immature B lymphocytes that on maturation in the bone marrow itself, form mature B lymphocytes.
- B cells recognize specific antigens through their B cell receptor.
- The activated B cells produce plasma cells and memory cells.
- The plasma cells release antibodies in the blood.
- The memory B cells remember the information about the pathogen to prevent any disease caused by that pathogen in the future.
T lymphocytes mediated immunity or cell-mediated immunity: It has the following features:
- It involves Helper T cells, Killer T cells, Suppressor T cells and Memory T cells.
- T helper cells initiate Cell-mediated immunity.
- The active T killer cells eliminate the infected cells from the body by releasing perforin protein against cancerous cells and virus-infected cells and thereby promoting apoptosis or programmed cell death.
- The T helper cells also activate other immune cells.
- T lymphocytes are also involved in tissue grafting or organ transplantation.
Also Read: Difference Between T Cells And B Cells
Types of Immune Response
There are two types of immunity response:
- First Immune Response: First immune response is generated when a pathogen encounters the body for the first time. Antigen interacts with antibody present on B lymphocytes and stimulates cell division of B lymphocytes into plasma cells and memory cells.
- Second Immune Response: When the same pathogen enters the body next time, the antigens interact this time with antibodies on memory cells. Antibodies IgG are formed in high intensity after antigen-antibody interaction.
Types of Acquired Immunity
Active Immunity: It produces long-lasting responses and memory cells are also involved in preventing future infestations. Active Immunity is of two types:
- Natural immunity: It involves all-natural infections. Natural Infections induce the formation of antibodies from plasma cells. Memory cells help in the defence against future infestations.
- Artificial immunity: It involves all vaccinations. Vaccines help in the formation of memory cells and antibodies artificially
Passive Immunity: In this type of immunity prepared antibodies are provided to the host for the treatment of diseases. It is short-lived immunity and memory cells are not formed. Passive Immunity is also of two types:
- Natural immunity: Passive immunity through natural modes.
- IgG antibodies through the placenta to the foetus.
- IgA antibodies through Colostrum (First milk) to infants.
- Artificial immunity: Passive immunity through artificial modes.
- Anti Tetanus Serum [A.T.S.]
- Antivenom
Also Read: Difference Between Active And Passive Immunity
Difference between Acquired Immunity and Innate Immunity
The difference between acquired and innate immunity are as follows:
Aspect | Innate Immunity | Acquired Immunity |
|---|
Specificity | Nonspecific, providing general defense | Specific, targeting particular pathogens |
|---|
Response Time | Immediate, providing rapid but generic defense | Delayed, taking time to mount a specific response |
|---|
Memory | Lacks immunological memory | Possesses immunological memory for future encounters |
|---|
Types of Cells | Includes physical barriers, phagocytes, natural killer cells, and complement proteins | Comprises B cells, T cells, and antigen-presenting cells |
|---|
Adaptation | Present from birth and remains unchanged | Develops over time in response to exposure to pathogens |
|---|
Examples | Skin, mucous membranes, phagocytes | Antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune responses |
|---|
Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity evolved in higher vertebrates. It is based on the ability to differentiate non-self cells from self-cells. In autoimmunity, the body attacks self-cells. This results in damage to the body. These diseases in which the body attacks self-cells are called autoimmune diseases.
Myasthenia Gravis and Rheumatoid Arthritis are examples of autoimmune diseases. Both genetic tendency and environmental triggers, such as infections or certain medications, can contribute to the development of autoimmune disorders. Autoimmunity leads to inflammation and tissue damage, impacting the proper functioning of affected organs or systems.
Vaccination
The technique of giving a vaccine to boost the immune system and protect the body from particular infectious diseases is known as vaccination. Although vaccines do not spread diseases, they do include antigens that are either comparable to or derived from the infections they are intended to protect against.
Types of Vaccines
Live Attenuated Vaccines
- It contains pathogens in a weakened form that, although still capable of replicating, do not infect healthy people.
- Examples are varicella (chickenpox) vaccination and the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
Inactivated (Killed) Vaccines
- It includes pathogens that have been rendered inactive or dead to prevent them from replicating.
- Hepatitis A vaccination and inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) are two examples.
Subunit, Recombinant, and Conjugate Vaccines
- It includes fragments of the pathogen, as opposed to the whole microbe (such as sugar, protein, or capsid).
- Examples are the Hepatitis B vaccination and the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) Vaccines
- It contains mRNA responsible for encoding a viral protein. This mRNA is used by cells to make the protein, which in turn sets off an immunological reaction.
- COVID-19 vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna) are two examples.
Toxoid Vaccines
- It include toxins that have been rendered inactive by the infection. The immune system defeats the natural toxin.
- Examples: vaccinations against diphtheria and tetanus.
Also Read: Difference Between Vaccination and Immunization
Conclusion - Immunity
In conclusion, immunity is the body's defense system against infections, achieved through innate and acquired immunity. Immunity-boosting foods and vaccination play vital roles in boosting the immune system and preparing it to fight against disease-causing organisms. Understanding the types of immunity and the mechanisms involved in immunization is crucial for promoting overall health and preventing the spread of infectious diseases.
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