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Tail command in Linux with examples

Head Command in Linux With Examples

Last Updated : 10 Mar, 2025

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Need to quickly view the beginning of a file in Linux? The head command is your best option. This essential command-line tool enables users, developers, and system administrators to preview the start of log files, configuration files, CSV datasets, and other text documents in seconds.

The head command is useful for troubleshooting issues, monitoring logs, and managing large datasets, as it allows you to view specific portions of data without opening entire files. In this guide, we will explore the head command in Linux, covering its syntax, options, and practical examples for better understanding.

Head-Command--in-Linux — Head Command in Linux With Examples

What is the head Command in Linux

The head command in Linux is a command-line utility used to display the first few lines (or bytes) of one or more text files. By default, it outputs the first 10 lines of a file, making it invaluable for quickly previewing content without opening large files entirely. It’s widely used in system administration, log analysis, data processing, and scripting to extract or inspect critical information efficiently.

Key Features of the `head` Command

Preview Files: Instantly view the start of log files, configuration files, or datasets.
Customize Output: Adjust the number of lines or bytes displayed.
Combine with Other Commands: Pipe head with tools like grep, tail, or sort for advanced workflows.

Syntax:

head [options] [file(s)]

where,

Options: are the flags you use to customize the behaviour of head
File(s): is the name of the file/s you're looking to view.

Let us consider two files having name state.txt and capital.txt contains all the names of the Indian states and capitals respectively.

$ cat state.txt Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal

$ cat capital.txt Hyderabad Itanagar Dispur Patna Raipur Panaji Gandhinagar Chandigarh Shimla Srinagar

Without any option, it displays only the first 10 lines of the file specified.

Example:

$ head state.txt Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir

Options

1. -n num: Prints the first 'num' lines instead of first 10 lines. num is mandatory to be specified in command otherwise it displays an error.

$ head -n 5 state.txt Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh

2. -c num: Prints the first 'num' bytes from the file specified. Newline count as a single character, so if head prints out a newline, it will count it as a byte. num is mandatory to be specified in command otherwise displays an error.

$ head -c 6 state.txt Andhra

3. -q: It is used if more than 1 file is given. Because of this command, data from each file is not precedes by its file name.

Without using -q option $ head state.txt capital.txt ==> state.txt <== Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir  ==> capital.txt <== Hyderabad Itanagar Dispur Patna Raipur Panaji Gandhinagar Chandigarh Shimla Srinagar   With using -q option $ head -q  state.txt capital.txt Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Hyderabad Itanagar Dispur Patna Raipur Panaji Gandhinagar Chandigarh Shimla Srinagar

4. -v: By using this option, data from the specified file is always preceded by its file name.

$ head -v state.txt ==> state.txt <== Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir

Real-World Scenario of head Command

Now, we're going to discuss some of the best real-world scenarios that can be used using head command in Linux:

1. Print line between M and N lines(M>N)

For this purpose, we use the head, tail, and pipeline(|) commands. The command is: head -M file_name | tail +N since the head command takes first M lines and from M lines tail command cuts lines starting from +N till the end, we can also use head -M file_name | tail +(M-N+1) command since the head command takes first M lines and from M lines tail command cuts (M-N+1) lines starting from the end. Let say from the state.txt file we have to print lines between 10 and 20.

$ head -n 20 state.txt | tail -10 Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha

2. How to use the head with pipeline(|)

The head command can be piped with other commands. In the following example, the output of the ls command is piped to head to show only the three most recently modified files or folders.

Display all recently modified or recently used files. $ ls -t e.txt  d.txt c.txt b.txt   a.txt  Cut three most recently used file. $ ls -t | head -n 3 e.txt d.txt c.txt

3. Multiple Pipping for Additional Processing

It can also be piped with one or more filters for additional processing. For example, the sort filter could be used to sort the three most recently used files or folders in the alphabetic order.

$ ls -t | head -n 3 | sort c.txt d.txt e.txt

4. For Viewing Huge Log Files

There are number of other filters or commands along which we use head command. Mainly, it can be used for viewing huge log files in Unix.

?list=PLqM7alHXFySFc4KtwEZTANgmyJm3NqS_L

Conclusion

The head command in Linux is an essential tool for quickly viewing the btop lines of files. Whether you need to display a specific number of lines, view files in a custom format, or pipe output from other commands, head command for Linux makes it easy to manipulate the text files.

Tail command in Linux with examples

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