How to handle multiple windows in Selenium?

Last Updated : 06 Jan, 2025

Handling multiple windows in Selenium is crucial when dealing with web applications that open new tabs or windows during interactions. Whether you're testing applications with pop-ups, modals, or new browser tabs, Selenium WebDriver provides efficient methods to switch between multiple windows or tabs.

This functionality allows for comprehensive testing of all parts of a web application, ensuring that the user experience remains seamless across different browser contexts..

What is a Window Handle?

It is used to contain the address of all the windows. Consider it as a pointer to a window that yields a value in string data type. The handle for the window will be unique for each browser. The existence meaning for this function of the window retrieves all window handles.

Syntax

get.windowhandle(): It is used to return the handle of the currently active window.
get.windowhandles() : This method is used to get the handle of all opened windows.
set: It will set the window handles in the form of string. set<string> set= driver.get.windowhandles();
switch to: This function is used to switch between the windows.
action: This methods helps to do actions to windows.

Handling Multiple Windows in Selenium using Window Handles

Handling multiple windows in Selenium is done using window handles. One navigates between several browser tabs or windows. Here's how:

Open New Window/Tabs: When a link or button is clicked, execute actions that will open any window or tab.
Get current window handle: Save the handle of the current window so that you can switch back. You can do this by calling driver.getWindowHandle().
Get All Window Handles: It returns a set of handles of all opened windows or tabs using the driver.getWindowHandles().
New Window: This will loop through all window handles identifying which handle is not the current handle. It then switches to that window by using driver.switchTo().window(handle).
Perform actions: Upon change, perform actions in the new window or tab as required.
Close Window: Closes currently active window if needed using driver.close().
Switch Back: Your saved handle is to be used for switching back to the original window.

Steps to handle multiple windows in Selenium

Visit the official site of geeksforgeeks.org
Click on courses at GeeksforGeeks from quick links
Select a particular course ( Open with a new window )
Click on the element of the new window

Expected Result: It should click on the element of the new window

Implementation

Program 1: Click on the element of the new window without shifting the focus of selenium

Java

import org.openqa.selenium.By; import org.openqa.selenium.JavascriptExecutor; import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver; import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;  public class GFGWindowHandling {      public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException     {         // we are using chrome driver         System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "Path of chromedriver.exe");         WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();          // entering the URL         driver.get("https:// www.geeksforgeeks.org/");          // to maximize the window         driver.manage().window().maximize();          // to delete all cookies         driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();          // to Scroll the screen to locate element         JavascriptExecutor je = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;         je.executeScript("window.scrollBy(0, 200)");         driver.findElement(By.xpath("(// span[text()='Courses at GeeksforGeeks'])[2]")).click();          // to select a particular course         Thread.sleep(2000);         driver.findElement(By.xpath("(// h4[text()='Data Structures and Algorithms - Self Paced'])[1]")).click();          // it will open with new tab          // to click on (Read more here) on new window         driver.findElement(By.xpath("(// a[text()='(Read more here)'])[1]")).click();          // statement to understand that operation is performed on new window         System.out.println("operation is performed on new window");     } }

Console Output:

org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchElementException: no such element: Unable to locate element: {"method":"xpath", "selector":"(//a[text 1="more" 2="here)'" language="()='(Read"][/text])[1]"}

This exception is because when we click on a particular course new window (child window) is open and when we try to click on Read more here, at that time focus of selenium is on the main window (parent window). So we will use some method to shift the focus of selenium from one window to another.

Syntax:
driver.switchTo().window(ID);
Where ID: ID of a particular window on which you need the change the focus of selenium.

To get the ID of Windows we will use the following method.

driver.getWindowHandle(): To get the ID of the parent window (main window)
driver.getWindowHandles(): To get the ID of child windows (new window)

Let's observe how the IDs of two different windows are different,

Program 2: To get the IDs of different windows

Java

import java.util.Set; import org.openqa.selenium.By; import org.openqa.selenium.JavascriptExecutor; import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver; import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;  public class GFGIDsOfWindows {      public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException     {         // we are using chrome driver         System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "Path of chromedriver.exe");         WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();          // entering the URL         driver.get("https:// www.geeksforgeeks.org/");          // to maximize the window         driver.manage().window().maximize();          // to delete all cookies         driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();          // to Scroll the screen to locate element         JavascriptExecutor je = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;         je.executeScript("window.scrollBy(0, 200)");         driver.findElement(By.xpath("(// span[text()='Courses at GeeksforGeeks'])[2]")).click();          // to select a particular course         Thread.sleep(2000);         driver.findElement(By.xpath("(// h4[text()='Data Structures and Algorithms - Self Paced'])[1]")).click();          // it will open with new tab          // getWindowHandle method to get ID of main window(parent window)         String Parent_id = driver.getWindowHandle();         System.out.println(Parent_id);          // getWindowHandle method to get ID of new window (child window)         Set<String> Child_id = driver.getWindowHandles();          // for each loop         for (String a : Child_id) {             // it will print IDs of both window             System.out.println(a);         }     } }

Console Output:

Here you can observe the IDs of windows are different.

CDwindow-EA925E71098EEFBB80858BE787CED1A5  (ID of main window)
CDwindow-C9078346729F1D0CF8AF12E938CE49DD  (ID of new window)

So to change the focus of selenium from one window to another window we will use For each loop and provide the if-else condition. For each loop

for( Datatype variable : collection )
{
   Statements;
}

Program 3: Click on the element of the new window by shifting the focus of selenium

Java

import java.util.Set;  import org.openqa.selenium.By; import org.openqa.selenium.JavascriptExecutor; import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver; import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;  public class GFGWindowHandlingEx {      public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException     {         // we are using chrome driver         System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "Path of chromedriver.exe");         WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();          // entering the URL         driver.get("https:// www.geeksforgeeks.org/");          // to maximize the window         driver.manage().window().maximize();          // to delete all cookies         driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();          // to Scroll the screen to locate element         JavascriptExecutor je = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;         je.executeScript("window.scrollBy(0, 200)");         driver.findElement(By.xpath("(// span[text()='Courses at GeeksforGeeks'])[2]")).click();          // to select a particular course         Thread.sleep(2000);         driver.findElement(By.xpath("(// h4[text()='Data Structures and Algorithms - Self Paced'])[1]")).click();          // it will open with new tab          // getWindowHandle method to get ID of main window(parent window)         String Parent_id = driver.getWindowHandle();         System.out.println(Parent_id);          // getWindowHandle method to get ID of new window (child window)         Set<String> Child_id = driver.getWindowHandles();          // for each loop         for (String a : Child_id) {             // it will print IDs of both window             System.out.println(a);              // condition to change the focus of selenium             if (Parent_id.equals(a)) {             }             else { // to change focus on new window                 driver.switchTo().window(a);                 Thread.sleep(2000);                  // to handle the popup regarding cookies                 driver.findElement(By.xpath("// button[text()='Got it!']")).click();                  // to click on (Read more here)                 je.executeScript("window.scrollBy(0, 600)");                 driver.findElement(By.xpath("(// a[text()='(Read more here)'])[1]")).click();                  // statement to understand that operation is performed on new window                 System.out.println("operation is performed on new window");             }         }     } }

Console Output:

Output Video

Conclusion

Effectively managing multiple windows in Selenium ensures that your automated tests can interact with all parts of your web application, including new tabs and pop-ups. By utilizing Selenium's built-in capabilities to switch between different windows or tabs, you can create robust and reliable test cases that cover a broader range of user interactions. This approach not only improves the accuracy of your tests but also helps in verifying the complete functionality of your web application in various scenarios