First Law of Thermodynamics Last Updated : 08 Apr, 2024 Comments Improve Suggest changes Like Article Like Report First Law of Thermodynamics adaptation of the Law of Conservation of Energy differentiates between three types of energy transfer: Heat, Thermodynamic Work, and Energy associated with matter transfer. It also relates each type of energy transfer to a property of a body's Internal Energy. The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed however, it can be transferred from one form to another. Also, according to the first law of thermodynamics, Heat is a form of energy and the thermodynamic processes (like Isothermal, Isochoric, Adiabatic, Isothermal, and Quasi-Static Processes.) obey the Law of Conservation of Energy. Table of Content What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?First Law of Thermodynamics Formula Limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics for a Closed SystemSolved ExamplesFAQsWhat is the First Law of Thermodynamics?First Law of Thermodynamics states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant. Energy can be transformed from one form to another, but can neither be created nor destroyed. Internal energy is a state variable in a thermodynamic system that is in equilibrium. The internal energy difference between the two systems is equal to heat transfer into the system minus work done by the system. According to the First Law of Thermodynamics, the universe's energy does not change. It can be transferred between the system and the surroundings, but it cannot be produced or destroyed. The law is primarily concerned with energy states as a result of work and heat transmission. We may use the popular example of a heat engine to help you grasp the meaning of the First Law. Thermal energy is transformed into mechanical energy in a Heat engine, and the process is also reversed. The majority of heat engines are classified as open systems. A heat engine's primary working concept is to take advantage of the many interactions between heat, pressure, and volume of a working fluid, which is generally a gas. It's not uncommon for gas to turn into a liquid and then back into a gas. First Law of Thermodynamics Formula According to this law, some heat supplied to the system is used to change the internal energy, while the remaining is used by the system to perform work. The mathematical expression of the first law of thermodynamics is given by: ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW Where ΔU is the change in internal energy of the system,ΔW is the work done by the system, &ΔQ is the heat supplied to the system.Limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics has a limitation in that it states nothing about the direction of heat flow.It is not feasible to reverse the procedure. In actuality, the heat does not entirely convert to labor. We could move ships across the ocean by extracting heat from the ocean's water if it had been feasible to turn all of the heat into work.It makes no distinction between whether the process is spontaneous or not.Perpetual Motion Machine of First Kind (PMM1)It is impossible to build a machine that can do mechanical work indefinitely without spending any energy. The perpetual motion machine of the first type is a hypothetical device like this. These machines contradict the first rule of thermodynamics and do not exist in the actual world. First Law of Thermodynamics for a Closed SystemThe product of the pressure applied and the change in volume that happens as a result of the applied pressure is the work done for a closed system: W = - P ΔV Where P denotes the system's constant external pressure, andV denotes the volume change.This is referred to as Pressure-Volume work. The internal energy of a system rises or falls in response to work interactions that occur across its limits. When work is done on the system, the internal energy increases, but it decreases when work is done by the system. Any heat exchange between the system and its surroundings alters the system's internal energy. However, the total change in internal energy is always zero since energy remains constant (according to the first rule of thermodynamics). If the system loses energy, it is absorbed by the surroundings. If energy is absorbed into a system, the energy must have been released by the environment: ΔUsystem = −ΔUsurroundings Where ΔUsystem is the change in the total internal energy of the system, andΔUsurroundings is the change in the total energy of the surrounding.Related Articles: Thermodynamics Second Law of ThermodynamicsZeroth Law of ThermodynamicsSolved Examples on First Law of ThermodynamicsExample 1: Find out the internal energy of a system that has constant volume and the heat around the system is increased by 30 J. Solution: Given that, Heat Transfer, ΔQ = 30 J For constant volume, ΔV = 0 W = P ΔV = 0 The formula for internal energy is given as: ΔU = ΔQ - W ⇒ ΔU = 30 J - 0 ⇒ ΔU = 30 J Hence, the change in internal energy of the system is 30 J. Example 2: Calculate the change in the internal energy of the system if 2000 J of heat is added to a system and a work of 1500 J is done. Solution: Given that, Heat added to a system, ΔQ = 2000 J Work done on the system, W = 1500 J The formula for internal energy is given as: ΔU = ΔQ - W ⇒ ΔU = 2000 J - 1500 J ⇒ ΔU = 500 J Hence, the change in internal energy of the system is 500 J. Example 3: A gas in a closed container is heated with 20 J of energy, causing the lid of the container to rise 3 m with 4 N of force. What is the total change in energy of the system? Solution: Given that, Heat supplied to the container, ΔQ = 20 J Rise in lid of the container, Δx = 3 m Force applied on the container, F = 4 N We are not given a value for work, but we can solve for it using the force and distance. Work is the product of force and displacement. W = F Δx ⇒ W = 4 N × 3 m ⇒ W = 12 J The formula for internal energy is given as: ΔU = ΔQ - W ⇒ ΔU = 20 J - 12 J ⇒ ΔU = 8 J Hence, the change in internal energy of the system is 8 J. Example 4: Determine the change in the internal energy of the system when gas in a cylinder is fitted with a frictionless piston expands against a constant external pressure of 1 atm from a volume of 2 liters to a volume of 5 liters. So it absorbs 100 J of thermal energy from its surroundings. Answer: Given that, Q = 100 J V1 = 2 L V2 = 5 L Then, according to the formula: ΔU = Q - PΔV ⇒ ΔU = Q - P(V2 - V1) Therefore, ΔU = Q - P(V2 - V1) ⇒ ΔU = 100 J - 1 (5 - 2) 101.33 J ⇒ ΔU = -203.99 J Comment More infoAdvertise with us Next Article Second Law of Thermodynamics A anurag652 Follow Improve Article Tags : School Learning Physics Class 11 Physics-Class-11 Thermodynamics +1 More Similar Reads Physics: Definition, Key Topics , Branches, Curriculum & Interesting Facts The term "physics" is derived from the Greek word physis (meaning “natureâ€) and physika (meaning “natural thingsâ€). 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The frequency seems to grow as the source approaches the listener and decreases as the origin fades away from the ear. When the source is going toward the listener, its velocity is positive; when i 3 min read ElectrostaticsElectrostaticsElectrostatics is the study of electric charges that are fixed. It includes an study of the forces that exist between charges as defined by Coulomb's Law. The following concepts are involved in electrostatics: Electric charge, electric field, and electrostatic force.Electrostatic forces are non cont 13 min read Electric ChargeElectric Charge is the basic property of a matter that causes the matter to experience a force when placed in a electromagnetic field. It is the amount of electric energy that is used for various purposes. Electric charges are categorized into two types, that are, Positive ChargeNegative ChargePosit 8 min read Coulomb's LawCoulomb’s Law is defined as a mathematical concept that defines the electric force between charged objects. Columb's Law states that the force between any two charged particles is directly proportional to the product of the charge but is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between t 9 min read Electric DipoleAn electric dipole is defined as a pair of equal and opposite electric charges that are separated, by a small distance. An example of an electric dipole includes two atoms separated by small distances. The magnitude of the electric dipole is obtained by taking the product of either of the charge and 11 min read Dipole MomentTwo small charges (equal and opposite in nature) when placed at small distances behave as a system and are called as Electric Dipole. Now, electric dipole movement is defined as the product of either charge with the distance between them. Electric dipole movement is helpful in determining the symmet 6 min read Electrostatic PotentialElectrostatic potential refers to the amount of electrical potential energy present at a specific point in space due to the presence of electric charges. It represents how much work would be done to move a unit of positive charge from infinity to that point without causing any acceleration. The unit 12 min read Electric Potential EnergyElectrical potential energy is the cumulative effect of the position and configuration of a charged object and its neighboring charges. The electric potential energy of a charged object governs its motion in the local electric field.Sometimes electrical potential energy is confused with electric pot 15+ min read Potential due to an Electric DipoleThe potential due to an electric dipole at a point in space is the electric potential energy per unit charge that a test charge would experience at that point due to the dipole. An electric potential is the amount of work needed to move a unit of positive charge from a reference point to a specific 7 min read Equipotential SurfacesWhen an external force acts to do work, moving a body from a point to another against a force like spring force or gravitational force, that work gets collected or stores as the potential energy of the body. When the external force is excluded, the body moves, gaining the kinetic energy and losing a 9 min read Capacitor and CapacitanceCapacitor and Capacitance are related to each other as capacitance is nothing but the ability to store the charge of the capacitor. Capacitors are essential components in electronic circuits that store electrical energy in the form of an electric charge. They are widely used in various applications, 11 min read Like