What is Ethereum Virtual Machine and How it Works? Last Updated : 23 Sep, 2024 Comments Improve Suggest changes Like Article Like Report The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is a crucial component of the Ethereum blockchain that enables the execution of smart contracts and decentralized applications (DApps). When developers write smart contracts in languages like Solidity, the EVM processes these contracts, managing state changes and executing transactions based on predefined logic. It uses a gas system to measure and regulate computational resources, preventing abuse and ensuring fair usage. This article focuses on discussing EVM in detail.Table of ContentWhat is Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)?Purpose of EVMHow Does EVM Work?Architecture of the EVMEVM and Ethereum BlockchainDevelopment of the EVMHow Does Gas Relate Performance Of EVM?Security ConsiderationsBenefits of EVMLimitations of EVMConclusionFAQs related to What is Ethereum Virtual Machine and How it Works?What is an Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)?The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is a decentralized computing environment that executes smart contracts on the Ethereum Work. It serves as the runtime environment for all Ethereum accounts and smart contracts, allowing developers to deploy applications that can run on the blockchain without requiring a central authority.Decentralization: The EVM operates on a distributed network of nodes, ensuring that no single entity controls the execution of contracts.Turing Completeness: The EVM is Turing complete, meaning it can execute any computation that can be described algorithmically, given sufficient resources.Smart Contract Execution: When a smart contract is deployed, the EVM handles the contract’s execution based on the inputs it receives, managing state changes on the blockchain.Gas Mechanism: To prevent abuse of resources, every operation in the EVM requires a certain amount of "gas," a measure of computational effort. Users pay gas fees to incentivize miners to process their transactions.Isolation: Each smart contract operates in isolation, which means that the execution of one contract doesn’t directly affect the execution of another.State Management: The EVM maintains a global state, tracking the current state of all accounts and contracts on the Ethereum network.Purpose of EVMHere are the several key purposes of EVM:Execution of Smart Contracts: The EVM is responsible for executing smart contracts, which are self-executing contracts with the terms directly written into code. This allows for automated and trustless transactions.Decentralization: By running on a distributed network, the EVM ensures that no single party controls the execution of contracts, enhancing trust and security.State Management: The EVM maintains a global state of all accounts and smart contracts, tracking changes and ensuring consistency across the network.Resource Management: The gas mechanism in the EVM helps regulate resource usage, preventing abuse and ensuring that computational resources are allocated fairly.Compatibility: The EVM allows developers to write applications in high-level programming languages (like Solidity) that can be compiled and executed on the Ethereum network, promoting ease of development and interoperability.Turing Completeness: The EVM’s Turing-complete nature allows it to perform any computation that can be described algorithmically, making it versatile for a wide range of applications.Security: The EVM isolates contract executions, preventing unintended interactions between contracts and enhancing the overall security of the Ethereum ecosystem.How Does EVM Work?The EVM works as follows-Smart Contract Deployment: Developers write smart contracts in high-level languages (like Solidity), which are compiled into EVM bytecode. Contracts are deployed to the Ethereum network through transactions.Transaction Processing: Users create transactions to interact with deployed contracts. These transactions are propagated to Ethereum nodes.Execution: Each node runs its own instance of the EVM to execute the transaction. The EVM processes the contract logic and updates the global state of the blockchain.Gas Mechanism: Each operation consumes gas, which users pay for. If the transaction runs out of gas, it reverts, but the gas is still spent.Stack Management: The EVM uses a stack-based architecture to manage data and execute instructions, storing temporary data in memory and permanent data on-chain.Block Creation and Validation: Processed transactions are bundled into blocks by miners or validators, validated against consensus rules, and added to the blockchain.Finality: Once included in a block, the changes are permanent and publicly verifiable.Architecture of the EVMHere is an overview of the architecture of EVM:Stack-Based Architecture: The EVM operates using a stack where data is pushed and popped. Each stack can hold up to 1024 items, enabling calculations and control flow during contract execution.Memory: The EVM has a linear memory structure that provides temporary storage for data during execution. This memory is cleared after each transaction.Persistent State: Each smart contract has its own storage, which is persistent and stored on the blockchain. This allows contracts to maintain their state between transactions.Global State: The EVM maintains a global state that includes all accounts (both externally owned and smart contracts) and their balances, as well as the storage of each contract.Instruction Set: The EVM has a set of predefined operations (opcodes) that dictate how the machine processes data. These include arithmetic operations, control flow instructions, and interactions with memory and storage.Gas Management: Each operation consumes gas, a resource that measures computational work. The gas limit helps prevent excessive resource usage and protects the network from spam attacks.Execution Environment: The EVM is designed to ensure that contract execution is deterministic, meaning that the same input will always produce the same output across all nodes, ensuring consensus.Interoperability: Many other blockchains use EVM to enable the deployment of Ethereum-compatible smart contracts, promoting a broader ecosystem.EVM and Ethereum BlockchainThe Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) and the Ethereum blockchain are intrinsically linked, functioning together to enable decentralized applications and smart contracts. Smart Contract Execution: The EVM processes the logic contained within smart contracts, allowing for automated and trustless transactions directly on the blockchain.State Management: The EVM maintains the global state of all accounts and contracts, ensuring that data is consistent and accessible across the network.Transaction Processing: When a transaction is sent to the Ethereum network, it is propagated to all nodes, which use the EVM to execute the transaction. After execution, the results are validated by nodes through consensus mechanisms (like Proof of Stake), ensuring that only valid transactions are added to the blockchain.Resource Management: The EVM uses a gas system to allocate computational resources for transaction processing. Users pay gas fees, which incentivize miners/validators to include transactions in the blockchain.Distributed Network: Both the EVM and the Ethereum blockchain operate on a decentralized network of nodes, meaning no single entity controls the system, enhancing security and trust.Cross-Chain Compatibility: Many other blockchain networks are EVM-compatible, allowing developers to deploy Ethereum-based applications across multiple platforms.Development of the EVMDeveloping the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) involves creating smart contracts and decentralized applications (DApps) that run on the Ethereum blockchain.1. LanguagesSolidity: The most widely used language for writing smart contracts. It’s similar to JavaScript and designed specifically for Ethereum.Vyper: A Python-like language focused on simplicity and security, aimed at providing a more secure alternative to Solidity.2. Development ToolsRemix: A web-based IDE that allows developers to write, test, and deploy smart contracts easily.Truffle: A popular framework that provides a suite of tools for developing, testing, and deploying DApps, including a built-in testing environment and migration scripts.Hardhat: A development environment for Ethereum that includes advanced debugging capabilities and support for local blockchain networks.3. Testing and DebuggingUnit Testing: Writing tests for smart contracts to ensure they function as intended. Frameworks like Truffle and Hardhat provide testing libraries.Debugging Tools: Tools like Remix and Hardhat offer debugging capabilities to trace errors in smart contracts during development.4. DeploymentDeployment Scripts: Developers create scripts to automate the deployment of contracts to the Ethereum network, specifying parameters and handling transaction fees.Testnets: Developers often deploy contracts on Ethereum test networks (like Ropsten, Rinkeby, or Goerli) to test functionality without spending real Ether.5. Interacting with Smart ContractsWeb3.js: A JavaScript library that allows web applications to interact with the Ethereum blockchain, enabling communication with smart contracts.Ethers.js: A lightweight alternative to Web3.js that also provides easy interaction with Ethereum, including wallet management and contract interaction.6. Security PracticesAuditing: Conducting thorough audits of smart contracts to identify vulnerabilities before deployment.Common Vulnerabilities: Awareness of common issues like reentrancy, overflow/underflow, and improper access control is crucial for secure development.7. Deployment to MainnetOnce contracts are thoroughly tested and audited, they can be deployed to the Ethereum mainnet, where they will operate in a live environment.How Does Gas Relate Performance Of EVM?Cost of Operations: Every operation in the EVM (like executing a function or storing data) requires a specific amount of gas. This creates a direct cost associated with computational resources, incentivizing efficient coding.Spam Prevention: The gas mechanism helps prevent network abuse by requiring users to pay for the computational resources their transactions consume. This discourages spamming the network with unnecessary transactions.Gas Price: Users can set gas prices to prioritize their transactions. Higher gas prices may lead miners/validators to include a transaction sooner, impacting overall transaction throughput on the network.Gas Limit: Each block has a gas limit, which caps the total gas that can be consumed by all transactions within that block. This limit affects how many transactions can be processed in a given timeframe, influencing overall network performance.Smart Contract Optimization: Developers are motivated to write efficient smart contracts that minimize gas consumption. More efficient contracts can lead to lower fees and quicker execution times.Scalability Issues: During periods of high demand, gas prices can rise significantly, leading to higher transaction costs and delays. This can affect the EVM’s overall performance and user experience.Security ConsiderationsReentrancy Attacks: Occurs when a function makes an external call to another contract before it resolves. This can allow the called contract to call back into the original function, potentially leading to unexpected behaviors.Integer Overflow/Underflow: Operations that exceed the maximum or minimum values of integers can lead to vulnerabilities. Use libraries like SafeMath to prevent this.Access Control Issues: Ensuring that only authorized users can execute certain functions is critical. Implement proper access control mechanisms using modifiers.Third-Party Audits: Having contracts reviewed by independent auditors can help identify vulnerabilities and improve overall security.Code Reviews: Regular code reviews among development teams can catch potential issues early in the development process.Proxy Contracts: Implement upgradeable contracts using proxy patterns to allow for updates in case vulnerabilities are discovered after deployment.Timelock Mechanisms: Consider using timelocks for upgrades to provide a window for users to react before changes are made.Fallback Functions: Use fallback functions judiciously. They should not contain complex logic and should primarily be used for receiving Ether.Benefits of EVMExecute Untrusted Code: One can execute untrusted code without putting the data at risk. EVM guarantees that its computations will not interfere with anything else happening in the system or with the personal files.Execute Complex Smart Contracts: One can run complex smart contracts in EVM without worrying about how they interact with each other. One can write them once and then run them on multiple platforms, which allows for the creation of a single contract that runs on multiple computing environments.Deterministic Processing: Smart contracts written on EVM have access to all of Ethereum's states at any given time, allowing for processing to happen in a deterministic way and giving more guarantees about their correctness. For example, one cannot make an infinite loop in EVM by calling the same function twice. It would stop executing and return a finite value.Distributed Consensus: One of the potential applications of Ethereum is to allow for distributed consensus where everyone is running the same program but from their computers. Robust Against Failure: This is a complex process because the network needs to be able to come to a consensus at any given time. This way, the system becomes more robust against failures of individual nodes and you can update several nodes simultaneously without worrying that they might end up disagreeing with each other because of how code was written.Easy to Write Stateful Contracts: From a developer perspective, EVM is designed for writing smart contracts as well as for creating DApps (decentralized applications), which are programs running on distributed networks in a way that ensures all of them are seeing the same version. It also makes it incredibly easy to write stateful contracts, which need access to some kind of persistent storage.Limitations of EVMHigh Cost of Storing Data: First is gas, which is what you need to use to pay the fee to run a smart contract, and the other is the high cost of storing data on the blockchain, which could take up more than 3TBHigh Gas Cost: In Ethereum, all transactions require a fee to execute. These fees are called "gas", and are paid in ETH tokens. Gas is priced at the moment of execution, and depends on the complexity of executing a transaction. The more difficult the computation for a transaction, the higher its gas cost will be.High Gas Price During Network Congestion: During times when there is high network congestion due to many transactions being pushed onto the blockchain, gas prices rise because there are fewer transactions that can go through (the same amount of computational power has to service more transactions).Technical Expertise Required: Writing smart contracts and using EVM requires technical expertise. It’s a Turing-complete system, which allows programmers to write scripts in any programming language they wish. This can be excellent or disastrous, depending on the intention behind the code being written. Programming languages are not inherently good or bad; it all depends on who is using them and for what purpose. The downside of this technology is that it could create a lot of complicated problems because with more power comes more responsibility for the writer of code.ConclusionIn conclusion, the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is the core technology that enables the execution of smart contracts and decentralized applications on the Ethereum blockchain. It functions as a decentralized environment where contracts are processed, the state is managed, and transactions are validated. The EVM's design promotes efficient resource use through a gas system, preventing abuse and ensuring fair transaction processing. Understanding how the EVM works is essential for developers looking to create secure and effective DApps. Overall, the EVM is crucial for driving innovation and decentralization in the blockchain space. 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Well, nobody knows for sure but money is definitely one of those! And that’s the reason that the banking sector is one of the most important sectors in the world. This sector includes different institutions such as banks, finance companies, investment fir 6 min read Blockchain - Into the FutureAccounting, transactions, contracts, and records play a pivotal and defining role in our societal system. They protect assets, and organizational boundaries and uphold the promises between institutions, governments, and corporations. Despite their importance, these have failed to digitize in ways ot 6 min read Blockchain in GenomicsBlockchain technology is making waves in various industries, and genomics is no exception. By providing a secure and transparent way to manage and share genomic data, blockchain addresses critical challenges such as data privacy, security, and integrity. This integration promises to enhance collabor 9 min read Integration of Blockchain and AIAI and blockchain are proving to be quite a powerful combination, improving virtually every industry in which they’re implemented. Blockchain and artificial intelligence are combining to upgrade everything from food supply chain logistics and healthcare record sharing to media royalties and financia 8 min read Use Cases of BlockChain in different fieldsBlockchain : Blockchain is a system of recording data that makes it troublesome or not possible to vary, hack, or cheat the system. Blockchain is truly a digital ledger of duplicated transactions and distributed across the total network of laptop systems on the blockchain. Every block among the chai 2 min read Role of Blockchain in Sustainable DevelopmentThe Blockchain is a decentralized database, which means authority is not associated with one person; it will be shared among the people. Hence, changing and modifying the data is nearly impossible in the blockchain database. That's why it's the most trustworthy. It came in the 1990s when the researc 9 min read Applications and Uses of BlockchainA blockchain is actually a digital ledger of transactions that is copied and distributed across the network of computer systems. Each of the blocks generated after every transaction holds various information about the transaction and gets itself updated in every participant's ledger which once writt 9 min read Benefits of Blockchain in HealthcareA blockchain is a chain of blocks linked together using hashing technique. Each block consists of some timestamped records of information such as financial, healthcare, confidential data, etc. The Blockchain network is managed by a group of users on a decentralized network. All the information is av 6 min read Decentralized Voting System using BlockchainBlockchain is a technology that is rapidly gaining momentum in era of industry 4.0. With high security and transparency provisions, it is being widely used in supply chain management systems, healthcare, payments, business, IoT, voting systems, etc. Why do we need it? Current voting systems like bal 4 min read Blockchain ImplementationCreate simple Blockchain using PythonBlockchain is a time-stamped decentralized series of fixed records that contains data of any size and it is controlled by a large network of computers that are scattered around the globe and not owned by a single organization. Every block is secured and connected with each other using hashing techno 8 min read Implementation of Blockchain in JavaBlockchain is the backbone Technology of Digital CryptoCurrency BitCoin. A Blockchain is a list of records called blocks that are linked together using linked lists and use the cryptographic technique.Each block contains its own digital fingerprint called Hash, the hash of the previous block, a tim 5 min read Build a To-do List Web Application Powered by BlockchainHere, we are going to build a to-do list application that will save the data in the blockchain. The blockchain part of this application can also be understood as a database. First, we'll create a smart contract and subsequently the web application itself. We'll use Bloc as the application name but f 15 min read Flutter and Blockchain - Hello World DappFlutter and Blockchain This tutorial will take you through the process of building your first mobile dapp - Hello World Dapp! This tutorial is meant for those with a basic knowledge of Ethereum and smart contracts, who have some knowledge of the Flutter framework but are new to mobile dapps. In this 9 min read Blockchain Gaming : Part 1 (Introduction)Blockchain Gaming. It’s a world of it’s own. It’s ‘Ready Player One’ incorporated into gaming. Before reading this article, it is recommended to read: Introduction to Blockchain to get well versed with the concept of blockchain. Part-1: Transparency, Proven Rarity and True Ownership Transparency: Wh 4 min read How to use GANACHE Truffle Suite to Deploy a Smart Contract in Solidity (Blockchain)?There are various processes involved in deploying a smart contract using Ganache and Truffle Suite: 1. Install Ganache first. Ganache is a personal blockchain for Ethereum development. You must first download and install it. It is available for download from https://www.trufflesuite.com/ganache, the 4 min read How to use MetaMask to Deploy a Smart contract in Solidity (Blockchain)?Smart contracts are self-executing contracts. They were first proposed by Nick Szabo in the 90s. They are set of rules and protocols which two parties agree upon and have to follow. One of the main features is that they are immutable once deployed on the blockchain. It is widely used in the Ethereum 3 min read Build a Authentication Using BlockchainNormally authentication is seen using databases like MYSQL, Firebase, MongoDB, etc. One of the biggest drawbacks is the chance of the data getting corrupted. The data can be modified by anyone who is in control of the database itself.To overcome the above problem here a web app authentication using 9 min read Like