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Epidermal Tissue System: Its Functions and Tissue in Plant

Last Updated : 25 Jul, 2023
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The epidermal tissue system includes several differentiated cell types including epidermal cells, guard cells, subsidiary cells, and epidermal hairs (trichomes). The epidermis tissue system performs numerous functions: such as preventing water loss, regulating gas exchange, secreting metabolic substances, and absorbing water and mineral nutrients

Tissue System

The body structure of all other developed plants is complex. Similar cells are living together and form a group. It is a group of cells together to perform a specific function, that is, plants have different groups of cells for different forms, which are called tissues.

Sachs (1875) divided the tissues into three systems on the basis of the division of labor in higher-class plants, each system consisting of one tissue or consisting of different tissues. Their function and origin are the same. Tissues are formed by meristems.

  1. Epidermal Tissue System
  2. Ground Tissue System
  3. Vascular Tissue System

Epidermal Tissue System

A group of tissues, no matter how dissimilar they may be, having a similar position and function, is called the epidermal tissue system. The epidermal tissue system is referred to as, the ‘dermal tissue system’. It is the outermost layer of plants. This System consists of the epidermis, stomata, and epidermal outgrowths.

Epidermis

This tissue is made up of epidermal cells and covers all the exposed parts of the plants except the stomatal and stomatal openings. The epidermis is in the form of a continuous layer. The shape and size of the cells are different, due to the cells being adjacent to each other, there are no intercellular spaces. Generally, the epidermis is of one layer (uniseriate), but in many plants, it is multiseriate, such as the Banyan tree. Its cells are made of living parenchyma, in which a large vacuole is found. This vacuole is filled with colorless celli-sap. Chloroplasts are also found in some epidermis. Sometimes these cells have mucilage, and the outer walls are thick due to cutinization and suburbanization. This (cystolith) and silica are also found. the inner and radial of cells. Protects and prevents excess transpiration.

In the leaves of many monocotyledonous plants, some cells of the epidermis are large, thin-walled and these are called bulliform (bubble-like) cells. Many vacuoles are found in these. It is hygroscopic and controls the opening and folding of leaves; as in plants of the Poaceae family.

The guard cells are surrounded by other cells of the epidermis. Their size is often different from other cells of the epidermis. These are called accessory cells or subsidiary cells. The main function of stomata is to exchange gases between the plant and the atmosphere.

The outermost layer of the root is called the epiblema or piliferous layer. Unicellular root hairs emerge from it, which do the work of absorption of water and mineral salts from the soil. Stomata and cuticles are not found in the rhizome.

Stomata

Stomata are found in the aerial parts of leaves and plants. Each stoma is surrounded by two crescent-shaped or kidney-shaped guard cells. The inner wall of guard cells is thick and the outer wall is thin. The guard cells are alive and contain chloroplasts. The guard cells control the opening and closing of the stomata. The guard cells also perform the function of food preparation due to chloroplasts. Due to this, the solution inside it becomes more concentrated, and due to this cells become swollen by absorbing water from the neighboring cells by endosmosis. Due to this, these cells become turgid i.e. due to filling with water, they spread outwards and stomata open. At night the sugar in the cell-sap of these cells is converted into starch. Starch being insoluble in water, the viscosity of the cell membrane in the guard cells is less than in the cells of the neighboring epidermis, thus they lose water by exosmosis and become flaccid. it goes In this way the stomata get closed.

stomata

The guard cells are surrounded by other cells of the epidermis. Their size is often different from other cells of the epidermis. These are called accessory cells or subsidiary cells. The main function of the stomata is to exchange gases between the plant and the atmosphere.

Water evaporates through the stomata. Thus the plants get rid of excessive water. And in summer the plants get coolness. The stomata are more numerous in the lower epidermis of the dorsiventral leaves. Their number is relatively less in the upper epidermis. In isobilateral leaves, stomata are equal on both sides. Dorsal leaves are found in dicot plants and isosceles leaves are found in monocot plants. In floating leaves, stomata are found only in the upper epidermis. Like water lilies. Water Stomata are absent in submerged leaves. Like Hydrilla. Sunken stomata are found in desert plants.

The following are the types of leaves based on the presence of stomata:

  • Astomatic: Stomata are absent in this type of leaf. These are often found in submerged plants, such as Hydrilla and Velisleria, etc.
  • Hypostomatic: In this type of leaf stomata are mostly found on the lower side of the leaf. For example the leaves of dicotyledons.
  • Epistomatic: In this type of leaf stomata are found on the upper surface of the leaf. The leaves float on the surface of the water, like a lotus.
  • Amphistomatic: In this type of leaf almost equal number of stomata are found on both surfaces, like wheat, maize, etc. (all monocotyledonous plants)

Epidermal Appendages

Epidermal outgrowths are growths that appear on the epidermis. There are different varieties depending on the location of the epidermal appendages, which are as follows:

  • Root hairs
  • Trichomes
  • Prickles

Root Hairs

Unicellular outgrowths from the root epidermis or epiblema are known as root hairs. They also help in the absorption of water and minerals from the soil as well as in anchoring.

Trichomes

Many plants develop hairs or trichomes on the epidermis. These may be rigid or soft, unicellular or multicellular branches. These follicles reduce excessive transpiration and protect the plants. Hairs are found on all parts of plants. The role of hair is important in the classification of plants. Following are some of the main types of follicles

  • Branched: They are found in the form of stars, scales, etc.
  • Unbranched: In these, all the cells are in a single line; Like a tomato
  • Nonglandular hair - Non Glandular hair can be unicellular or multicellular, branching or unbranched, stellate or T shaped. These trap air on the surface of the leaves, reducing water loss through transpiration and protecting against extremely hot or cold temperatures.
  • Glandular hairs are multicellular in nature and release various compounds like mucilage, salt, honey, and so on. Glandular hairs can also function as digestive, aromatic, or stinging glands.
  • Collectors are glandular trichomes that are either unicellular or multicellular and exude a sticky material. Some trichomes have been adapted to function as bladders for water storage.

Prickles

These are stiffed multicellular epidermal outgrowth. Priclkes are plucked out easily. Prickles help the plant form herbivorous animals. In rose plants prickles are present.

Functions of Epidermal Tissue System

  1. The main function of the epidermis is to protect the inner tissues from injury, heat, cold, and attacks by parasites, fungi, bacteria, etc.
  2. Cuticles, wax, follicles, scales, etc. are found on the epidermis. These prevent excessive evaporation from the plants.
  3. The epidermis acts as a storage of water in desert plants.
  4. Sometimes the epidermis performs the functions of photosynthesis and secretion.
  5. Helps in exchange for gas due to stomata.
  6. Works for absorption of water and mineral salts by root hairs in the root.

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      The xylem and phloem are called complex tissues because they consist of different types of cells with specialized functions working together to transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant. This article will give us a detailed answer to the question "Why are Xylem and Phloem called Co
      7 min read
    • Epidermal Tissue System: Its Functions and Tissue in Plant
      The epidermal tissue system includes several differentiated cell types including epidermal cells, guard cells, subsidiary cells, and epidermal hairs (trichomes). The epidermis tissue system performs numerous functions: such as preventing water loss, regulating gas exchange, secreting metabolic subst
      7 min read
    • Difference between Dicot and Monocot Root
      Flowering plants are also called angiosperms. The anatomy of flowering plants includes the organization of cells and tissues within the bodies of flowering plants. Plants are eukaryotic life forms that are portrayed by their capacity to deliver their own food. They give oxygen, food, and medication
      6 min read
    • Monocot and Dicot Stems - Definition, Structure, Characteristics, Examples
      Flowering Plants (Blooming plants) are really characterized into two classes in light of their undeveloped organism, called Monocotyledonous (monocot) plants and Dicotyledonous plants. Allow us to figure out additional about these plants. We can undoubtedly see the underlying similitudes and varieti
      3 min read
    • Describe the Internal Structure of a Dorsiventral Leaf
      Flowering plants are also known as angiosperms. The anatomy of flowering plants includes the organization of cells and tissues within the bodies of a flowering plant. Tissues are formed by a group of cells to perform a function. Flowers are known as the reproductive part of the plant since they play
      6 min read
    • Isobilateral (Monocotyledonous) Leaf - Definition, Features, Structure, Examples
      On account of the isobilateral leaf, the mesophyll tissue in the leaves isn't separated. It consists of either just springy or palisade parenchyma cells. These sorts of leaves are comparative in an appearance on both sides and, subsequently, are called isobilateral kinds of leaves. On account of the
      9 min read
    • Secondary Growth
      Term tissue ( French word meaning woven ) was used by N.Grew (1682) the father of plant anatomy. Nageli is regarded as the father of Modern Anatomy. A cell is the functional and structural unit of life. A tissue is a group of cells having a common origin, the same method of development, and function
      6 min read
    • Cork Cambium
      The study of an organism's internal structure is called anatomy. Histology, or the study of tissue organization and structure, is a component of plant anatomy research. Anatomy reveals the structural adaptation to various settings and reveals the structural differences of various groups of plants. T
      6 min read

    Chapter 7: Structural Organization In Animals

    • NCERT Notes of Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals
      Notes on NCERT for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals: Structural organization in animals refers to the arrangement of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems that work together through the division of labour and ensure the survival of the whole body. In this article, yo
      8 min read
    • Structural Organization in Animals
      Every living organism is made up of cells. The basic structural organization of any multicellular living organism is as follows: Cells-Tissue-Organ-Organ System Structural Organization in Animals For a living thing to be called living, it must have a cell. Every organism starts with the fundamental
      8 min read
    • Epithelial Tissue - Introduction, Characteristics, Types, Importance
      Epithelial tissue is what makes up this part of the animal's anatomy, and it may be found on both the outside and the inside of the body. The body structure of multicellular organisms is more complicated than that of unicellular organisms, in which every important cellular function, such as nutritio
      13 min read
    • Connective Tissue - Definition, Functions, Types, Examples
      The connective tissue is a type of tissue that supports, binds, or separates other tissues and organs in the body. Understanding the connective tissue type and function helps in learning about the tissue system in organisms. Connective tissue with a fluid matrix such as blood, circulates throughout
      10 min read
    • Organ System
      The cell is the smallest fundamental unit in animals. It is where the structural organization begins. Additionally, tissues are made up of a collection of cells with comparable functions. Organs are created when tissues group together to carry out particular tasks. Cells⇢Tissues⇢Organs⇢Organ system.
      7 min read
    • Morphology of Earthworm
      The morphology of earthworms can be described as a cylindrical, segmented body covered by a moist cuticle that facilitates respiration through their skin. Understanding the external and internal morphology of earthworms along with other characteristics helps in analyzing their role in soil health, n
      4 min read
    • Earthworm Anatomy
      Earthworms, otherwise called rancher's companion (farmer's friend) comes under the Annelida phylum. Their home is soil and feeds upon the organic matter. Varieties of the organic entity found in India are Pheretima and Lumbricus. They're rosy brown in variety and their body is in a state of an exten
      9 min read
    • Morphology of Cockroach
      The primary association in creatures begins from the littlest key unit—the cell. Furthermore, a gathering of cells that carry out a comparable role structures tissues. At the point when tissues assemble to carry out unambiguous roles, they structure organs. Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ system. W
      6 min read
    • Anatomy of Cockroach
      The basic association in creatures begins from the littlest, critical unit—the cell. The cell is the basic unit of any living organism. Furthermore, a gathering of cells that carry out a comparable role structures tissues. At the point when tissues assemble to carry out unambiguous roles, they struc
      6 min read
    • Morphology and Anatomy of Frogs
      Animals' structural organization begins with their smallest basic unit, the cell. Additionally, tissues are made up of a collection of cells with comparable functions. Organs are created when tissues come together to carry out particular tasks. Frog Frogs are tailed, carnivorous amphibians that are
      6 min read

    Chapter 8: Cell-The Unit of Life

    • Cell the Unit of Life Class 11 Notes CBSE Biology Chapter 8
      Class 11 Biology NCERT Notes for Chapter 8 Cell The Unit of Life: Cells are the basic units of life and serve as the building blocks of all living organisms. They differ in structure, composition, and function, but have similarities. The human body is made up of more than trillions of cells. They gi
      15+ min read
    • Prokaryotic Cells
      Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms that lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their genetic material is present in a nucleoid region. They are normally smaller than eukaryotic cells, with a size range of 0.1 to 5 μm in diameter. Prokaryotic cells for example bacteria and arch
      5 min read
    • Cell Envelope - Definition, Classification, Types, Functions
      All living things are produced using at least one cell. A cell is the most straightforward unit of life and they are liable for keeping a living being alive and working. This prologue to cells is the beginning stage for the area of science that concentrates on the different sorts of cells and how th
      7 min read
    • Ribosomes and Inclusion Bodies
      The cell is the structural and functional unit of life. The prokaryotic cells constitute bacteria, blue-green algae, mycoplasma, and PPLO( Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms). The size of prokaryotic cells is usually small ( 0.1- 5.0 μm ). It has one envelope organization. In prokaryotes, DNA is naked,
      9 min read
    • Eukaryotic Cells
      Eukaryotic cells include all the protists, plants, animals, and fungi. It forms the domain Eukaryota and possesses an organized nucleus with a nuclear envelope. Their genetic material is organized into chromosomes. Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles like Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endo
      7 min read
    • Cell Membrane
      The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, bounds the cell. The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids. It is a selectively permeable membrane that binds the cell and separates the cell from the outside environment. In this article, we will study cell membrane structure, functio
      8 min read
    • Endomembrane System - Overview, Structure, and Functions
      Cell is the fundamental and structural unit of all living entity. It is the biological, structural, and functional unit of all plants and animals. cells are the ‘Building Blocks of Life’ or the ‘Basic units of Life’. Organisms made up of a single cell are ‘unicellular’ whereas organisms made up of m
      6 min read
    • Mitochondria
      Mitochondria is a double membrane organelle present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria generates energy in the form of ATP because of which mitochondria is known as the "powerhouse of the cell". In 1857 Albert von Kolliker first discovered the organelle and Carl Benda in 1898 gav
      7 min read
    • Golgi Apparatus
      Golgi apparatus is an organelle found in most of the eukaryotes. It consists of a series of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae. These cisternae are present one over the other to form the Golgi complex. It is responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles before secretion and therefore plays
      4 min read
    • Plastids - Definition, Classification, Structure, Functions
      Plastids are cell organelles that are found in green plants and algae. Plastids are responsible for containing photosynthetic pigments, other coloring pigments, starch, proteins, fats, etc. substances. The credit for the discovery of plastid goes to Ernst Haeckel, however, the proper definition of p
      5 min read
    • Ribosomes
      Ribosomes are cellular structures responsible for translating genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. Ribosomes are made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. They are the site of protein synthesis. The ribosome structure consists of two subunits, a small subunit and a large subun
      5 min read
    • Cytoskeleton - Definition, Structure, Components, Functions
      The cytoskeleton is an elaborate network of associated protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells. In 1903 Nikolai K.Koltsov coined the term cytoskeleton. It is situated between the membrane of the cell and the cell nucleus. What is Cytoskeleton?The cytoskeleton is a complex structure t
      6 min read
    • Cilia And Flagella - Definition, Structure, Functions and FAQs
      Cilia and Flagella are cell organelles that enable cells to move or protect themselves from their surroundings. The human eye is unable to see these. The prokaryotic flagella are structurally distinct from the eukaryotic flagella. Cilia and Flagella are extensions that help to move substances around
      6 min read
    • What is Nucleus? | Class 11 Biology
      The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. In biology, the cell has the same central position as that of an atom in the physical sciences. The bodies of living organisms are made up of microscopic units called cells. Cells have evolved a variety of different lifestyles
      7 min read

    Chapter 9: Biomolecules

    • Biomolecules - Definition, Structure, Classification, Examples
      Biomolecules is a chemical compound found in living organisms. They are the building blocks of life, essential for the functioning of living organisms. Biomolecules include protein, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes, and nucleic acids. They vary in size and structure. Biomolecules are crucial for life
      8 min read
    • How To Analyze Chemical Composition?
      Biomolecules can be defined as the carbon-containing intensifies which are available in both living and non-living things. They are engaged with the support and metabolic cycles of living creatures. Every one of the components intensifies, which are available to make up every living animal. Biomolec
      4 min read
    • What are Metabolites - Primary and Secondary Metabolites
      Metabolites are the intermediate molecules produced during various metabolic processes. Metabolites produced by plants are of two types - primary and secondary metabolites. The metabolites examples are antibiotics, glucose, amino acids, etc. Metabolite functions include signalling molecules, defence
      6 min read
    • Biomacromolecules - Definition, Types, Functions, Significance
      Biomolecule, also called biological molecules, is any of various substances that are created by cells and living creatures. Biomolecules have many sizes and designs and play out a huge range of capabilities. The four significant kinds of biomolecules are carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. A
      7 min read
    • Proteins - Definition, Structure, Significance, Examples
      Biomolecules seem to be the most important kind of organic molecules since they play a role in the upkeep and metabolic activities of living creatures. These non-living molecules are the true footsoldiers fighting for the sustenance of life, and they play an essential role to lead a healthy life in
      11 min read
    • Polysaccharides
      Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of multiple sugar (monosaccharide) units linked together. They are essential macromolecules in biology and serve various functions in living organisms. Polysaccharides play a crucial role in energy storage, structural support, and cellular recognitio
      6 min read
    • Nucleic Acid - Definition, Function, Structure, and Types
      The nucleic acid is an important molecule in living organisms. Nucleic acid functions as the blueprint for genetic information. Understanding the nucleic acid structure and functions helps in deciphering the genetic code, which contains instructions for building and maintaining living organisms. In
      9 min read
    • Protein Structure - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
      Biomolecules, additionally called natural particles, are any of various substances that are created by cells and living creatures. Biomolecules have many sizes and designs and play out an immense range of capabilities. The four significant sorts of biomolecules are fat, lipids, nucleic acids, and pr
      6 min read
    • Metabolic Basis For Living | CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 9
      Biomolecules are the fundamental building blocks of all living things. They work together to promote various biological processes that are required for life. They differ in structure and size. Hydrogen and oxygen are the two most abundant elements in biomolecules. Within the body, living systems syn
      7 min read
    • Enzymes - Definition, Structure, Classification, Examples
      Enzymes are biological molecules that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical responses in living organisms. They work by lowering the activation energy needed for a response to do, therefore adding the rate of the response without being consumed themselves. Enzymes play pivotal places in colorful na
      11 min read
    • Nature of Enzyme Action
      All the carbon-based compounds that are seen in or produced by living organisms and are necessary to a biological cycle are called biomolecules. Examples of biomolecules include proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Even molecules such as metabolites are considered biomolecules. Enzyme
      4 min read
    • Mechanism of Enzymes Action
      Different types of cells, tissue, and other complex organs together form the human body. Our body releases some chemicals for the effective functioning of the body and to improve biological processes such as respiration, digestion, excretion, and a few other metabolic activities to maintain a health
      10 min read
    • Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
      The factors affecting enzyme activity include temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and the presence of inhibitors or activators. Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes are made up of proteins that are highly specifi
      7 min read
    • Cofactors
      Cofactors are non-protein chemical compounds or metallic ions that are essential for an enzyme's biological activity. They can be organic molecules, called coenzymes, or inorganic ions. The cofactor's function is to assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions by stabilizing transition states, enhancing s
      5 min read
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