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What are the Conditions required for a Chemical Reaction?
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Difference between Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions

Last Updated : 06 Feb, 2024
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Chemical reactions on the heat involved are classified into two categories, Endothermic Reactions, and Exothermic Reactions. The difference between these reactions is that the first absorbs heat and the latter releases it.

In this article, we will learn about endothermic reactions, exothermic reactions, and their differences in detail.

Endothermic Reactions

Endothermic reactions are defined as those in which heat is absorbed. When nitrogen and oxygen are heated to around 3000°C, they combine to generate nitrogen monoxide, and a significant amount of heat is absorbed in the process.

N2            +            O2            →           2NO
           (Nitrogen)                (Oxygen)            (Nitrogen monoxide) 

Since heat is consumed in the reaction between nitrogen and oxygen to generate nitrogen monoxide, it is an endothermic reaction. On the reactants' side of an equation, write "+Heat" and "+Heat energy" or just "+Energy" to indicate an endothermic reaction.

The image given below shows the potential energy and rate of reaction curve of the Endothermic Reactions.

Endothermic Reactions

Here ∑HP and ∑HR are the sums of enthalpies of the products and reactants, respectively, and ΔH is the change in the enthalpy during a reaction, i.e., ΔH = ∑HP - ∑HR. Ea is the activation energy of the reaction.

Examples of Endothermic Reactions

Various examples of Endothermic reactions are,

Heating of Calcium Carbonate

When calcium carbonate is heated, for example, it decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.

CaCO3         +       Heat          →         CaO         +         CO2
  (Calcium carbonate)                             (Calcium oxide)        (Carbon dioxide)

Since heat energy is absorbed in the decomposition of calcium carbonate, it is an endothermic reaction.

Photosynthesis Reaction

Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction, where green plants absorb sunlight in presence of carbon dioxide, and water gives carbohydrates and oxygen as products.

6CO2  + 6H2O + sunlight   →   C6H12O6 + 6O2

The endothermic reaction can be written as follows in a chemical equation:

Reactants  +   Energy      →     Products 

Endothermic reactions are chemical processes in which the reactants absorb heat from the surroundings. These reactions cause a cooling effect by lowering the temperature of the surrounding environment.

Endothermic reactions are characterized by the creation of chemical bonds as a result of heat absorption from the environment. Exothermic reactions, on the other hand, involve the release of heat energy generated by the bond breakdown.

The energy change or enthalpy change in an endothermic reaction is positive, i.e., ΔH > 0.

Exothermic Reactions

A chemical reaction that involves the release of energy in the form of heat or light is known as an exothermic reaction. For example, when carbon burns in presence of oxygen to make carbon dioxide, a large amount of heat is produced.

C         +         O2         →              CO2        +       Heat

   (Carbon)           (Oxygen)              (Carbon dioxide)

Since heat is produced during the combustion of carbon in oxygen, it is an exothermic reaction. On the products' side of an equation, use "+Heat" or "+Heat Energy" or simply "+Energy" to indicate an exothermic process. 

The image given below shows the potential energy and rate of reaction curve of the Exothermic Reactions.

Exothermic Reactions

Here ∑HP and ∑HR are the sums of enthalpies of the products and reactants, respectively, and ΔH is the change in the enthalpy during a reaction, i.e., ΔH = ∑HR - ∑HP. Ea is the activation energy of the reaction.

Examples of Exothermic Reactions

Various examples of Exothermic reactions are,

Burning of Natural Gas

Methane is the major component of natural gas. When natural gas is burned in the presence of oxygen in the air, carbon dioxide and water vapour are produced. There is also a significant amount of thermal energy produced.

The following is an example of how this could be expressed:

CH4                +               2O2                →               CO2             +            2H2O         +        Heat energy 
    (Methane)                        (Oxygen)                        (Carbon dioxide)           (Water)                                                

Since heat is produced during the combustion of natural gas, it is an exothermic reaction. Exothermic reactions characterize all combustion reactions. For example, the combustion of fuels such as wood, coal, kerosene, gasoline, and diesel, are all exothermic reactions since they produce heat energy.

Breaking of Food

Food is broken down into simpler components during digestion. The main component of food is carbohydrates and it is found in chapati, bread, rice, and potatoes. Carbohydrates are broken down into simple carbohydrates called glucose during digestion.

In a process known as respiration, this glucose is slowly burned by mixing with oxygen in our body's cells to make energy. This energy also keeps our bodies warm, among other things. During respiration, glucose interacts with oxygen in our body's cells to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy.

C6H12O6    +       6O2       →         6CO2           +     6H2O           +       Energy

These reactions are the polar opposites of endothermic reactions, and they can be written as follows in a chemical equation: 

Reactants       →         Products      +       Energy

As a result, it's easy to see how the net amount of energy required to start an exothermic process is less than the net amount of energy released.

The changes in enthalpy for an exothermic reaction will always be negative., i.e. ΔH < 0.

Difference between Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions

The following table gives the difference between Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions,

Exothermic Reaction

Endothermic Reaction

A reaction that releases heat as a type of energy from the system.A reaction in which the system absorbs energy in the form of heat from its surroundings.
The system's energy is released into the environment.The energy from the surroundings is absorbed into the reaction.
Heat, electricity, light, and sound are forms of released energy.Energy is absorbed in form of energy.
Examples include rusting iron, settling, chemical bonds, explosions, and nuclear fission.Examples include ice melting, evaporation, cooking, gas molecules, and photosynthesis.

Read More

  • Types of Chemical Reactions
  • Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
  • Rate of a Reaction

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    Ethanol also called Ethyl Alcohol is a commercially important organic compound. It is the second member of the alcohol family and is used for a variety of purposes. It is sometimes also called Alcohol and it is used by humans for consumption. Ethanol is also represented as, EtOH. Ethanol is the IUPA
    9 min read
    Cleansing Action of Soaps and Detergents
    In our day to day lives, we often use detergents and soaps to clean the dirt off our clothes. Have you ever wondered what soap molecule is made up of or how it cleanses the dirt? In this article, we shall look upon the structure of soap and its cleansing action but before that, we shall give a simpl
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    Difference Between Soap and Detergent
    Soaps and Detergents are cleaning agents that are used to remove dirt and other undesirable particles from the human body, its clothes, and other surfaces. Both soap and detergents are used for cleaning action but there are quite differences between them, and the differences between them if discusse
    7 min read

    Chapter 5: Periodic Classification of Elements

    Dobereiners Triads - Definition, Types, Limitations
    Since ancient times, there have been various attempts to classify the elements into groups according to their properties. As the new elements were discovered, a number of theories came up to classify the elements. Various scientists used various approaches and facts to justify their classification.
    5 min read
    Newland’s Law of Octaves
    Newland's Law of Octaves also called Law of Octaves was one of the initial attempts to arrange all the known chemical elements in a table to make their study better. In Newland's Law of Octaves, elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic mass and it is seen that the property of th
    6 min read
    Classification of Elements
    Periodic categorization of elements is a way of grouping elements based on their characteristics, such as keeping elements that are similar in one group and the rest of the elements in the other. The elements are grouped in the long-form periodic table in order of their atomic numbers. The atomic nu
    8 min read
    Mendeleev Periodic Table
    Mendeleev's Periodic Table was the first bold attempt to arrange all the known elements in a proper manner. This table was based on the principle of Mendeleev’s Periodic Law and was a significant step made in the direction of arranging all the known elements. According to Mendeleev, the characterist
    9 min read
    Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
    The study of a huge number of elements is condensed into a few groups of elements, with elements belonging to the same group sharing similar properties. The known elements were classified using Dobereiner's Triads, Newland's law of octaves, and Mendeleev's periodic table. The periodic table of Mende
    5 min read
    Anomalies of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
    The study of a large number of elements is reduced to a few groups of elements if all the elements are divided into a few groups, in such a way that elements in the same group have similar properties. Dobereiner's Triads, Newland's law of octaves, Mendeleev's periodic table all helped to classify th
    7 min read
    Modern Periodic Law
    All matter in our environment is made up of basic units known as elements. Initially, only 31 chemical elements were discovered in 1800 and it was easier to study their chemical and other properties. However, as more and more elements were discovered due to technological advancements in science, it
    6 min read
    Periodic Table of Elements
    The Periodic table of elements is a systematic arrangement of 118 known chemical elements. These chemical elements are organized in order of increasing atomic number. The horizontal rows from left to right are called periods while the vertical columns from top to bottom are called groups in a period
    5 min read
    Characteristics of the Periods and Groups of the Periodic Table
    The physical and chemical properties of elements in the modern periodic table exhibit a consistent variation throughout periods and groups. Several properties of elements, such as the number of valence electrons, valency, atom size, and metallic character, vary as you move from left to right in a pe
    11 min read
    Merits of the Modern Periodic Table
    Chemists have always tried to arrange the elements in a way that reflects the similarities in their properties. The elements in the modern periodic table are listed in order of increasing atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom). Previously the scientists tried to arrange the
    8 min read
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