Electronic Configuration in Periods and Groups
Last Updated : 07 Mar, 2024
Electronic Configuration is the arrangement of electrons in orbitals around an atomic nucleus. Electronic Configuration of a molecule refers to the distribution of electrons in various molecular orbitals. The number of electrons in bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals of a molecule or molecular ion can be calculated from its electronic configuration.
In this article, we will learn about Electronic Configuration, Electronic Configuration in Periods, and Electronic Configuration in Groups.
What is Electronic Configuration?
Electronic Configuration refers to the arrangement of electrons among the orbitals of an atom or molecule. Electronic configurations are typically produced by conventional notation (especially for elements having a relatively large atomic number). In such instances, a shortened or condensed notation may be employed instead of the normal notation. In shortened notation, the sequence of entirely filled subshells that correspond to a noble gas's electronic configuration is replaced by the noble gas's symbol in square brackets.
As a result, sodium's abbreviated electron configuration is [Ne] 3s1 (the electron configuration of Neon is 1s2 2s2 2p6, which can be abbreviated to [He] 2s2 2p6.
Electronic Configuration Definition
Electronic configuration is defined as the arrangement of electrons at different energy levels around an atomic nucleus.
Electronic Configuration allows us to know the number of electrons present in the outermost shell, hence, as a result, electron configurations can be used for the following purposes:
- Determining an Element's Valency
- Predicting the qualities of a group of elements (elements with similar electron configurations tend to exhibit similar properties).
- The interpretation of Atomic Spectra, etc.
Electronic configuration provides a structured way of representing the arrangement of electrons within an atom, indicating the energy levels and sublevels they occupy.
Electronic Configuration in Periods
Electronic configuration of the elements in periods can be found by using following points:
- The period of the element is the value of n, the primary quantum number, for the valence shell.
- The number of electrons that can be accommodated by different energy levels varies.
- The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in an energy shell is given by 2n2, where n is the energy level. It is the greatest number of electrons that a given energy level can allow. So the first energy level (K shell) can hold up to 2 electrons, the second (L shell) up to 8 electrons, the third (M shell) up to 18 electrons, and so on.
- The second period begins with Lithium and Beryllium, both of which have three and four electrons, respectively, and so the final electrons reach level two.
- The third period begins with Sodium and finishes with Argon, filling the 3s and 3p orbitals in that order. There are eight elements in this period as well.
- The level 4s are filled first in the fourth period with n = 4. It all starts with potassium. However, we know that the 3d orbital must be full before the 4p orbital can be filled. Scandium is the first of the 3d transition elements. The 3d orbital gets completely filled with electrons in the case of zinc.
- The level 5s are filled first in the fifth period with n = 5. The 4d transition series, which begins with the Yttrium, dominates this time. The 5p orbital is completely filled by Xenon at the end of the period.
- With n = 6, the sixth period has 32 elements, with electrons filling the 6s, 4f, 5d, and 6p orbitals. Cerium signifies the entry of electrons into the 4f orbital, resulting in the lanthanide series of 4f-inner transition elements.
- The radioactive elements with electrons filling the 7s, 5f, 6d, and 7p orbitals belong to the seventh period with n = 7. Similar to period 6, this period causes electrons to fill the 5f orbital, giving rise to the actinide series of 5f-inner transition elements.
Electronic Configuration in Groups
The outermost shells of elements in the same group have the same number of electrons, resulting in identical valence shell electrical configurations. As a result, the characteristics and chemistry of elements in the same group follow a similar pattern.
An example of the electronic configuration of elements in the same group is, Lithium(Li) and Sodium(Na) both are in the same group thus, their electronic configuration is,
- Lithium (LI) = [He] 2s1
- Sodium (Na) = [Ne] 3s1
Filling of Atomic Orbitals
We fill the atomic orbital with the electrons in accordance with these three rules,
- Aufbau Principle
- Pauli Exclusion Principle
- Hund’s Rule
i.e. these three rules guide us to fill electrons in the atomic orbitals. Now, let's learn about them in detail.
Aufbau Principle
The name of the Principle Aufbau is taken from the German word Aufbeen, which means "to build up". According to the Aufbau Principle, electrons will occupy lower energy orbitals before moving on to higher energy orbitals. The energy of an orbital is calculated by adding its Primary quantum Number(n) and Azimuthal Quantum Number(l) or using the (n+l) rule.
According to this principle, electrons are filled in the following order:
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p
There are a few exceptions to the Aufbau Principle, such as Chromium and Copper. These exceptions can occasionally be explained by the stability offered by half-filled or fully-filled subshells.
Aufbau PrinciplePauli Exclusion Principle
According to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, an orbital can only hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins, i.e. no two electrons in the same atom have the same values for all four quantum numbers in an orbital.
As a result, if two electrons have the same Principle, Azimuthal, and Magnetic numbers, they must have opposite spins.
Hund’s Rule
Hund's Rule specifies the order in which electrons are filled in all subshell orbitals. Hund's Rule rule states that every orbital in a particular subshell is occupied by an electron before a second electron enters the subshell.
The electrons in orbitals with only one electron all have the same spin to maximize the total spin (or the same values of the spin quantum number).
Representation of Electronic Configuration
Electronic configuration of an atom is represented using a standardized notation system that indicates the distribution of electrons among the various atomic orbitals. Electronic Configurations are represented as follows:
- Shell Designation: Each electron shell is represented by a number 'n', where n= 1, 2, 3,..... This number corresponds to the principal quantum number.
- Subshell Designation: Each shell is further divided into different subshell that are represented using the notation of subshells (s, p, d, f).
- Orbital Filling Order: Electrons are then filled in orbitals from lowest energy orbital to highest according to Aufbau Principal. According to this principle, electrons are filled in the following order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p.
- Electron Count: Number of electrons occupying each orbital is indicated by a superscript following the orbital designation. For example, 1s2 represents that 1s orbital contains 2 electrons.
Writing Electron Configuration
For Writing Electron Configuration of an element, we must know the basic information about the element like atomic number, no. of electrons, shells, etc. The electronic configuration is typically represented using the notation of subshells (s, p, d, f) and the number of electrons in each subshell. For example, the potassium element has atomic number 19. And has 19 electrons which will be placed in s and p sub-shell.
The electronic configuration can be written as 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1. Its 19 electrons can be divided into different shells in a manner,
- K shell (n = 1) = 2,
- L shell (n = 2) = 8,
- M shell (n = 3) = 8, and
- N shell (n = 4) = 1.
Electronic Configurations of First 20 Elements
The electronic configuration of the first twenty elements of the periodic table is shown in the table added below,
Element | Symbol | Atomic Number | Electronic Configuration |
|---|
Hydrogen | H | 1 | 1s1 |
Helium | He | 2 | 1s2 |
Lithium | Li | 3 | [He] 2s1 |
Beryllium | Be | 4 | [He] 2s2 |
Boron | B | 5 | [He] 2s2 2p1 |
Carbon | C | 6 | [He] 2s2 2p2 |
Nitrogen | N | 7 | [He] 2s2 2p3 |
Oxygen | O | 8 | [He] 2s2 2p4 |
Fluorine | F | 9 | [He] 2s2 2p5 |
Neon | Ne | 10 | [He] 2s2 2p6 |
Sodium | Na | 11 | [Ne] 3s1 |
Magnesium | Mg | 12 | [Ne] 3s2 |
Aluminum | Al | 13 | [Ne] 3s2 3p1 |
Silicon | Si | 14 | [Ne] 3s2 3p2 |
Phosphorus | P | 15 | [Ne] 3s2 3p3 |
Sulfur | S | 16 | [Ne] 3s2 3p4 |
Chlorine | Cl | 17 | [Ne] 3s2 3p5 |
Argon | Ar | 18 | [Ne] 3s2 3p6 |
Potassium | K | 19 | [Ar] 4s1 |
Calcium | Ca | 20 | [Ar] 4s2 |
Read More,
Similar Reads
Chemistry Chemistry is the scientific study of matter, its properties, composition, and interactions. It is often referred to as the central science because it connects and bridges the physical sciences, such as physics and biology. Understanding chemistry is crucial for comprehending the world around us, fro
6 min read
Chapter 1 - Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Importance of Chemistry in Everyday LifeImportance of Chemistry in Everyday Life: The scientific study of matter's properties and behavior is known as chemistry. It is a natural science that studies the elements that makeup matter, as well as the compounds, made up of atoms, molecules, and ions: their composition, structure, qualities, an
10 min read
What is Matter ?The three basic states of matter are solid, liquid, and gaseous. All of the materials we come into contact with on a daily basis (from ice cream to chairs to water) are composed of matter. On the basis of intermolecular forces and particle arrangement, matter can be classified into three states: sol
9 min read
Properties of MatterEvery matter has its own set of properties. Physical and chemical properties can be used to classify these properties. Physical properties are those that may be measured or observed without affecting the substance's identity or composition. Physical properties include odor, color, density, and so on
9 min read
Measurement UncertaintyIn Chemistry, students often deal with experimental data and theoretical calculations. Most of the data is present in an extremely large number of quantum. This uncertainty in measurement is the range of possible values within which the true/real value of the measurement exists. There are practical
9 min read
Laws of Chemical CombinationLaws of Chemical Combination are one of the most fundamental building blocks of the subject of chemistry. As in our surrounding different matter reacts with each other and form various kind of different substances. Laws of Chemical Combination are the collection of laws that explains how these subst
7 min read
Dalton's Atomic TheoryIn the year 1808, the English scientist and chemist John Dalton proposed Dalton's atomic hypothesis, a scientific theory on the nature of matter. It asserted that all matter is made up of atoms, which are tiny, indivisible units. According to Dalton's atomic theory, all substances are made up of ato
8 min read
Gram Atomic and Gram Molecular MassAvogadro's number is critical to understanding the structure of molecules as well as their interactions and combinations. e.g. because one atom of oxygen will combine with two atoms of hydrogen to form one molecule of water (H2O), one mole of oxygen (6.022 × 1023 of O atoms) will mix with two moles
7 min read
Mole ConceptMole concept is the method used to express the amount of substance. This has been experimentally proving that one gram atom of any element, as well as one gram molecule of any substance, contains the same amount of entities. The experimentally decided number is found to be 6.022137 × 1023. After the
10 min read
Percentage Composition - Definition, Formula, ExamplesDifferent constituent elements make up any chemical compound. In some chemical reaction calculations, you'll need to figure out how much of a certain element is in a specific compound. Or, in order to understand the contribution of a specific element in any of the stoichiometric calculations of a ch
5 min read
Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric CalculationsJeremias Richter, a German chemist, was the first to create or discover the word Stoichiometry. The quantitative analysis of the reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction is known as chemical stoichiometry. The name "stoichiometry" comes from the Greek words "stoikhein" (element) and "m
7 min read
Chapter 2 - Structure of Atom
Chapter 3 - Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Classification of ElementsPeriodic categorization of elements is a way of grouping elements based on their characteristics, such as keeping elements that are similar in one group and the rest of the elements in the other. The elements are grouped in the long-form periodic table in order of their atomic numbers. The atomic nu
8 min read
Periodic Classification of ElementsPeriodic Classification of Elements refers to the arrangement of elements on the basis of the periodic repetition of their properties. It means the elements which exhibit similar properties on a regular interval are placed in the same group. In this article, we will learn about, History of the Class
10 min read
Modern Periodic LawAll matter in our environment is made up of basic units known as elements. Initially, only 31 chemical elements were discovered in 1800 and it was easier to study their chemical and other properties. However, as more and more elements were discovered due to technological advancements in science, it
6 min read
118 Elements and Their SymbolsEverything in the universe is composed of basic elements, and at their smallest level, these elements are atoms. There are a total of 118 elements in the modern periodic table out of which 98 are found in nature rest are chemically synthesized in laboratories. An atom of any element is composed of e
9 min read
Electronic Configuration in Periods and GroupsElectronic Configuration is the arrangement of electrons in orbitals around an atomic nucleus. Electronic Configuration of a molecule refers to the distribution of electrons in various molecular orbitals. The number of electrons in bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals of a molecule or molecula
9 min read
Electron ConfigurationElectron Configuration of an element tells us how electrons are filled inside various orbitals of the atom. The distribution of electrons inside various orbital of atoms is very useful in explaining various properties of the atoms and their combination with other atoms. The electron configuration of
8 min read
S Block ElementsS-block elements are those elements in which the last electron is present in the s-orbital. In the periodic table. They reside in the first 2 columns. S-block consists of 14 elements that include, Hydrogen (H), Lithium (Li), Helium (He), Sodium (Na), Beryllium (Be), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Ru
9 min read
Periodic Table TrendsArticle with the name "Periodic Table Trends" as the name suggests explores the trends and patterns in the property of elements while arranged in the modern-day periodic table. Scientists in the early days observed that while arranging the elements based on either atomic weight or atomic number, ele
13 min read
Chapter 4 - Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Chemical BondingChemical Bonding as the name suggests means the interaction of different elements or compounds which defines the properties of matter. Chemical bonds are formed when either at least one electron is lost to another atom, obtaining at least one electron from a different atom, or transferring one elect
12 min read
Ionic BondIonic Bond is a bond that is formed by the electrostatic force of attraction between atoms. In an ionic bond, a complete transfer of electrons takes place in the process of bond formation. This bond is formed by the attracting force between the cations and the anions that are formed by the donating
8 min read
Bond Parameters - Definition, Order, Angle, LengthSeveral bond parameters, such as bond length, bond angle, bond order, and bond energy, can be used to characterize covalent bonds (also known as bond enthalpy). These bond parameters provide information about the stability of a chemical compound as well as the strength of the chemical bonds that hol
7 min read
VSEPR TheoryVSEPR Theory tells us about the basic structure of the molecules based on the force of repulsion between lone pair and bond pair of electrons. It states that any molecule arranged in such a structure minimizes the repulsion between the lone pair and bond pair of the molecule. Let's learn more about
9 min read
Valence Bond TheoryValence bond theory (VBT) describes the formation of covalent bonds and the electronic structure of molecules. It assumes that electrons occupy atomic orbitals of individual atoms within a molecule, and that the electrons of one atom are attracted to the nucleus of another atom. VBT states that the
7 min read
HybridizationThe concept of hybridization is defined as the process of combining two atomic orbitals to create a new type of hybridized orbitals. This intermixing typically results in the formation of hybrid orbitals with completely different energies, shapes, and so on. Hybridization is primarily carried out by
7 min read
Molecular Orbital TheoryThe Molecular Orbital Theory is a chemical bonding theory developed at the turn of the twentieth century by F. R. Hund and R. S. Mulliken to explain the structure and properties of various molecules. The valence-bond theory failed to adequately explain how certain molecules, such as resonance-stabil
7 min read
Hydrogen BondingIn chemistry, a hydrogen bond is an electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen atom and another electronegative atom. It is a special type of dipole-dipole force. Hydrogen bonding is the phenomenon of the formation of Hydrogen Bonds. H Bonds are stronger than any dipole-dipole bonds but we
13 min read
Chapter 5 - Thermodynamics
Basics Concepts of ThermodynamicsThermodynamics is concerned with the ideas of heat and temperature, as well as the exchange of heat and other forms of energy. The branch of science that is known as thermodynamics is related to the study of various kinds of energy and its interconversion. The behaviour of these quantities is govern
12 min read
Applications of First Law of ThermodynamicsEnergy, like matter, is always conserved, which means that it cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another. Internal energy is a thermodynamic attribute of a system that refers to the energy associated with the system's molecules and comprises both kinetic and pot
8 min read
Internal Energy as a State of SystemThe various forms of energy are interconnected, and they can be converted from one form to another under certain conditions. The field of science known as thermodynamics is related to the study of various kinds of energy and its conversion. In thermodynamics, the system refers to the part of the uni
8 min read
Enthalpy Change of a ReactionThe study of thermodynamics is the study of systems that are too large to be extrapolated by mechanics alone. For many generations, thermodynamics was vaguely understood, and many of the results were determined only experimentally. Some of the results posed great theoretical challenges for physicist
9 min read
Enthalpies for Different Types of ReactionsThermodynamics is a field of physics that studies the relationship between heat, work, and temperature, as well as their relationships with energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The four principles of thermodynamics regulate the behaviour of these quantities, which pr
10 min read
What is Spontaneity? - Definition, Types, Gibbs EnergyThermodynamics is a discipline of physics that studies heat, work, and temperature, as well as their relationships with energy, radiation, and matter's physical characteristics. The four principles of thermodynamics regulate the behaviour of these quantities, which provide a quantitative description
7 min read
Gibbs Energy Change and EquilibriumEnergy can take many forms, including kinetic energy produced by an object's movement, potential energy produced by an object's position, heat energy transferred from one object to another due to a temperature difference, radiant energy associated with sunlight, the electrical energy produced in gal
10 min read
Chapter 6 - Equilibrium
Equilibrium in Physical ProcessesEquilibrium exists in physical processes, just as it does in chemical reactions. The equilibrium that arises between different states or phases of a substance, such as solid, liquid, and gas, is referred to as this. Let's take a closer look at how equilibrium works in physical processes. Substances
11 min read
Equilibrium in Chemical ProcessesChemical equilibrium is the state of a system in which the reactant and product concentrations do not change over time and the system's attributes do not change further. Reactions take place in both forward and reverse directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are similar in su
7 min read
Law of Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium ConstantDuring a chemical process, chemical equilibrium refers to the state in which the concentrations of both reactants and products have no tendency to fluctuate over time. When the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal, a chemical reaction is said to be in chemical equilibrium. The state is known
8 min read
Difference between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous EquilibriaIn our daily lives, we witness several reactions such as iron rusting, paper burning, curd sourness, ozone generation, and so on. Many of these reactions require the presence of components in distinct phases, such as solid iron reacting with gaseous oxygen to generate solid iron oxide, which we call
7 min read
Applications of Equilibrium ConstantsWhen a chemical process reaches equilibrium, the equilibrium constant (usually represented by the symbol K) provides information on the relationship between the products and reactants. For example, the equilibrium constant of concentration (denoted by Kc) of a chemical reaction at equilibrium can be
6 min read
What is the Relation between Equilibrium Constant, Reaction Quotient and Gibbs Energy?A scientist was observing a reaction and at a certain point and found the concentration of reactant is equal to the concentration of product and after some time and observed color of reactant is changing, the scientist found concentration of products is greater than the concentration of reactants, f
8 min read
Factors Affecting Chemical EquilibriumWhen the concentrations of reactants and products do not change over time, they are said to be in a state of equilibrium. The stability of certain observable attributes such as pressure, density, and so on can be used to identify this state. Physical equilibrium is the equilibrium set up in physical
8 min read
Ionic EquilibriumReactants and products coexist in equilibrium, therefore reactant conversion to product is never greater than 100%. Equilibrium reactions may entail the breakdown of a covalent (non-polar) reactant or the ionisation of ionic compounds in polar solvents into their ions. This part will teach us about
5 min read
Acids, Bases and SaltsAcids, Bases, and Salts are the main chemical compounds that exist in our surroundings. Acids, Bases, and Salts are compounds that occur naturally and can also be created artificially. They are found in various substances including our food. Vinegar or acetic acid is used as a food preservative. Cit
15+ min read
Ionization of Acids and BasesIonization of a compound in Chemistry is the process by which neutral molecules are divided into charged ions in a solution. According to the Arrhenius Theory, acids are substances that dissociate in an aqueous medium to produce hydrogen ions, H+ ions, and bases are substances that dissociate in an
6 min read
Buffer SolutionBuffer Solution is a special aqueous solution that resists the change in its pH when some quantity of acid and Base is added. Many fluids, such as blood, have specific pH values of 7.14, and variations in these values indicate that the body is malfunctioning. The change in pH of Buffer Solutions on
10 min read
Solubility EquilibriaThe word "solubility product" refers to inexpensively soluble salts. It is the greatest product of the molar concentration of the ions (raised to their appropriate powers) produced by compound dissociation. The solubility product is constant at any given temperature. The lower the solubility product
5 min read
Chapter 7 - Redox Reactions
Redox ReactionsRedox Reactions are oxidation and reduction reactions that happen simultaneously in a chemical reaction and in this, the reactant undergoes a change in its oxidation state. Redox stands for Reduction - Oxidation. Redox reaction is a common term used in both Chemistry and Biology. They are a certain
14 min read
Redox Reactions in terms of Electron TransferA variety of chemical and biological reactions like burning of different types of fuels (wood, kerosene, coal, LPG, petrol, diesel), digestion of food in animals, photosynthesis by plants, extraction of aluminum from alumina, electricity generation from batteries or cell, rusting of iron fall in the
4 min read
Oxidation Number | Definition, How To Find, ExamplesOxidation number is defined as the total number of electrons that an atom either gains or loses to form a chemical bond with another atom. Let's learn about oxidation number in detail, including its rules and steps to calculate it with the help of examples. Table of Content Oxidation Number Definit
13 min read
Redox Reactions and Electrode ProcessesElectrode Potential and Standard Electrode Potential are key concepts in the field of electrochemistry which is the branch of chemistry that deals with relationships between electric potential differences and observable chemical change. Electrode Potential is also used extensively in the development
8 min read
Chapter 8 - Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques
Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and TechniquesOrganic Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the study of the structure, properties, composition, and reaction of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. It is the science of organic compounds and it started about 200-225 years ago. It is the branch of chemistry that deals with the scienti
10 min read
What is Catenation and Tetravalency?Carbon is a non-metallic element. Carbon is found in very small amounts in the earth's crust and atmosphere. Even though there is just a limited amount of carbon in nature, the carbon atom is extremely important in many aspects of life. We, as well as all living things, plants, and animals, are made
6 min read
Structural Representations of Organic CompoundsOrganic compounds are the most widely used compounds in chemistry as well as in everyday life. Any organic compound has only one chemical formula but can be represented on paper using various structural formulas as per our convenience and the complexity of the structure of the compound. In this arti
5 min read
Classification of Organic CompoundsOrganic compounds are defined as chemical compounds which contain carbon atoms linked with other elements through simple covalent bonds. These elements could be connected by single covalent bonds, double covalent bonds, or triple covalent bonds. In other words, we can say that all organic compounds
12 min read
IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds are those which have Carbon-Hydrogen or Carbon-Carbon bonds. Chemistry is studied under three branches Organic, Inorganic, and Physical Chemistry with each dealing with different types of topics. For this article, we will focus on Organic Chemistry which is the study of carbon and
13 min read
IsomerismIsomerism refers to the phenomenon where two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements or spatial orientations, resulting in distinct chemical properties. These compounds with the same formula but different structures are called isomers. Let's learn abou
6 min read
Fundamental Concepts in Organic Reaction MechanismOrganic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds except for oxides of carbon and metal carbonates. Carbon has the uncommon characteristic of forming strong bonds with many other elements, particularly with other carbon atoms, to form chains and rings, giving rise to millions of organic molecul
15+ min read
Purification of Organic CompoundsOrganic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing molecules' structure, characteristics, content, reactions, and production. The majority of organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, but they may also contain a variety of other elements (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon,
5 min read
Qualitative Analysis of Organic CompoundsOrganic chemistry is a branch of science that studies the structure, properties, and interactions of organic compounds having covalent carbon bonds. By examining their structure, their structural formula can be derived. To better understand their behavior, physical and chemical properties, as well a
10 min read
What is Quantitative Analysis?Quantitative analysis is one of the important processes in chemistry. It is used to determine mass percent i.e. to determine the mass of every element present. It can also be defined as a method used to determine the number of chemicals in a sample. The mass per cent is important to find the molecul
9 min read
Chapter 9 - Hydrocarbons
What are Hydrocarbons?Alkanes and cycloalkanes are hydrocarbons with no double or triple bond functional groups, depending on whether the carbon atoms of the molecule are organized in chains or rings. Alkenes and alkynes are hydrocarbons with double or triple bonds, respectively. The following mentioned are the rules for
11 min read
Classification of HydrocarbonsOrganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the reactions, structures, and properties (physical and chemical) of organic compounds that contain carbon atoms and covalent bonds (a chemical bond that involves sharing of electrons between atoms). Any group of organic chemical compounds
10 min read
Alkanes - Definition, Nomenclature, Preparation, PropertiesIn natural science, a hydrocarbon is a natural atom comprising completely hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons are an illustration of gathering 14 hydrides. Hydrocarbons are dreary and hydrophobic, with a slight scent. As a result of their diverse compound designs, it's difficult, to sum up anymore. Th
7 min read
Alkenes - Definition, Nomenclature, Preparation, PropertiesIn organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic molecule consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons are an example of group 14 hydrides. Hydrocarbons are colourless and hydrophobic, with a slight odour. Because of their different chemical structures, it's hard to generalise anymore.
6 min read
Alkynes - Definition, Structure, Preparation, PropertiesA hydrocarbon is an organic molecule made completely of hydrogen and carbon in organic chemistry. Hydrocarbons are an example of hydrides in group 14. Hydrocarbons are colourless, hydrophobic, and have just a faint odour. It's impossible to generalise further due to their varied molecular architectu
8 min read
Aromatic CompoundsAromatic Hydrocarbons are alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl derivatives of cyclic hydrocarbons which include one or more benzene rings fused or isolated in their molecules and cyclic hydrocarbons are those hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms are connected to form a complete cycle or closed ring structure.
9 min read