Dihydrogen as Fuel - Definition, Uses, Examples Last Updated : 29 Dec, 2021 Comments Improve Suggest changes Like Article Like Report Hydrogen is the first element on the modern periodic table. It has the simplest atomic structure as compared to all other elements. In atomic form, it has one proton and one electron. On the other hand, in elemental form, it exists as a diatomic (H2) molecule called dihydrogen. If Hydrogen loses its one electron, it will become an elementary particle, the proton. This is what makes Hydrogen unique. Hydrogen is that the most abundant element within the universe. It is not common in the earth's atmosphere in its free state. However, it is the third most abundant element on the earth's surface when we consider Hydrogen in a combined state. What is Dihydrogen? Dihydrogen, as mentioned above, exists as the diatomic molecule H2 of Hydrogen. It is the primary element in the solar atmosphere and the most abundant in the universe, constituting 70% of the universe's total mass. Comparatively, it is much less abundant in the earth's atmosphere (0.15% by mass) due to its light nature. Nevertheless, it occurs in combined form in several factors like water, plants and animal tissues, proteins, carbohydrates, hydrocarbons, and many other compounds. Dihydrogen is industrially prepared by the water-gas shift reaction from petrochemicals. It is acquired as a by-product of the electrolysis of brine. Dihydrogen has a very high negative dissociation enthalpy, thus is it rather inactive at room temperature. Yet, it combines with almost all elements under appropriate conditions to form hydrides. Uses of Dihydrogen The largest use of dihydrogen is in the synthesis of ammonia. It is used for the manufacturing of nitric acid and nitrogenous fertilizers.Dihydrogen is used for the manufacturing of vanaspati fat by the hydrogenation of polyunsaturated vegetable oils like cotton seeds, soyabean, etc.It is also used for manufacturing metal hydrides like LiH, AlH3, CaH2, etc.Dihydrogen is used for manufacturing bulk organic chemicals, particularly methanol. CO (g) + 2H2 (g) ⇢ CH3OH (l) (in presence of Cobalt) It is also used for preparing Hydrogen Chloride (HCL). It is used for reducing heavy metal oxides to metals in metallurgical processes.Dihydrogen is used as rocket fuel in space research.It is used for generating electrical electricity in fuel cells. This has several advantages over conventional fossil fuels and electric power. It is pollutionless and releases larger energy per unit mass of fuel as compared to gasoline and other fuels.Dihydrogen as a Fuel Dihydrogen releases a large quantity of heat when it gets combusted. We can compare the energy released by the combustion of various fuels like methane, LPG, Dihydrogen, etc., in the terms of the same amounts in mole, mass and volume. The Energy Released by Combustion of Various Fuels in Moles, Mass and Volume is mentioned in the below table as: The energy released on combustion (in kJ)Dihydrogen (in a gaseous state)Dihydrogen (in liquid state)LPGCH4 gasOctane (in liquid state)per mole28628522208805511per gram143142505347per litre129968255903534005 From the above table, it can be inferred that Dihydrogen releases more energy than petrol (about three times) on a mass for mass basis. Additionally, the combustion of dihydrogen will lead to less pollution than petrol. As dinitrogen is present as an impurity with dihydrogen, the only pollutants will be the oxides of dinitrogen. This can be minimized by lowering the temperature of the cylinder so that reaction between dinitrogen and dioxygen doesn't take place. This can be done by injecting a small amount of water into the cylinder. Although, while doing so, we should also consider the mass of the containers that hold the dihydrogen. If we consider the equal amounts of energy that would be produced by the respective fuels, a cylinder of compressed dihydrogen would weigh 30 times more than a tank of petrol. Moreover, we would have to convert dihydrogen gas to the liquid state by cooling it down to 20K. We would require expensive insulated tanks for this conversion. Tanks of metal alloys like NaNi5, Ti-TiH2, Mg-MgH2, etc are used for storing dihydrogen in small quantities. Therefore, due to these disadvantages and limitations, we have developed alternate techniques to use dihydrogen efficiently. Hydrogen Economy Hydrogen Economy is an alternative technique to use dihydrogen efficiently. The basic principle of the Hydrogen Economy is the transporting and storing of energy in liquid form or gaseous dihydrogen. The primary advantage is that energy in this case is transmitted directly in the form of dihydrogen and not in the form of electric power. Current Advancements In October 2005, for the first time in India, a pilot project using dihydrogen as the fuel was launched for running automobiles.In the beginning, only 5% of dihydrogen was mixed in CNG for use in four-wheeler automobiles. This percentage is being gradually increased to optimize the usage of dihydrogen as a fuel.Nowadays, it is also used in fuel cells for electric power generation. It is expected that economic and safer sources of dihydrogen will be identified in the years to come, for its usage as a common source of energy.Sample Questions Question 1: What is dihydrogen? Answer: In elemental form, Hydrogen exists as a diatomic (H2) molecule called dihydrogen. It occurs in combined form in several factors like water, plants and animal tissues, proteins, carbohydrates, hydrocarbons, and many other compounds. Dihydrogen is industrially prepared by the water-gas shift reaction from petrochemicals. It is acquired as a by-product of the electrolysis of brine. Dihydrogen has a very high negative dissociation enthalpy, thus is it rather inactive at room temperature. Yet, it combines with almost all elements under appropriate conditions to form hydrides. Question 2: What is Hydrogen Economy? Answer: Hydrogen Economy is an alternative technique to use dihydrogen efficiently. The basic principle of the Hydrogen Economy is the transporting and storing of energy in liquid form or gaseous dihydrogen. The primary advantage is that energy in this case is transmitted directly in the form of dihydrogen and not in the form of electric power. Question 3: Why is Hydrogen stored in alloys? Answer: We need to convert dihydrogen gas to the liquid state by cooling it down to 20K. For this conversion, we require expensive insulated tanks. Tanks of metal alloys like NaNi5, Ti-TiH2, Mg-MgH2, etc are used for storing dihydrogen in small quantities. Moreover, alloys are used for the following reasons: Energy Conversion (as discussed above).Hydrogen Separation, recovery and purification.Isotope Separation.Catalysis.Alloy sensors and batteries.Storage and transportation of hydrogen. Question 4: How is hydrogen produced on a large scale? Answer: Hydrogen is produced on a large scale by electrolysis of water or by thermochemical reaction cycle. Question 5: Compare hydrogen and petrol as fuels. Answer: Dihydrogen releases more energy than petrol (about three times) on a mass for mass basis. Additionally, the combustion of dihydrogen will lead to less pollution than petrol. As dinitrogen is present as an impurity with dihydrogen, the only pollutants will be the oxides of dinitrogen. We should also consider the mass of the containers that hold the dihydrogen. If we consider the equal amounts of energy that would be produced by the respective fuels, a cylinder of compressed dihydrogen would weigh 30 times more than a tank of petrol. Question 6: What are the problems that arise with dihydrogen as a fuel? Answer: There are several disadvantages and limitations of dihydrogen as a fuel due to which we have developed alternate techniques to use dihydrogen efficiently. One disadvantage is that the storage of dihydrogen becomes very difficult. We need to convert dihydrogen gas to the liquid state by cooling it down to 20K. For this conversion, we require expensive insulated tanks. Tanks of metal alloys like NaNi5, Ti-TiH2, Mg-MgH2, etc are used for storing dihydrogen in small quantities. This is overall not economical and very expensive. Comment More infoAdvertise with us Next Article Alkali Metals V virajsanap Follow Improve Article Tags : School Learning Class 11 Chemistry Chemistry-Class-11 Similar Reads Chapter 1 Some Basic Concepts of ChemistryImportance of Chemistry in Everyday LifeImportance of Chemistry in Everyday Life: The scientific study of matter's properties and behavior is known as chemistry. It is a natural science that studies the elements that makeup matter, as well as the compounds, made up of atoms, molecules, and ions: their composition, structure, qualities, an10 min readMolecular Nature of Matter - Definition, States, Types, ExamplesThe distinct forms that different phases of matter take on is called the state of matter. The most common state matter that is easily observable in daily life is - Solid, liquid, gas and plasma. There are many other states known to us like - Bose-Einstein condensate and neutron degenerate matter, bu9 min readProperties of MatterEvery matter has its own set of properties. Physical and chemical properties can be used to classify these properties. Physical properties are those that may be measured or observed without affecting the substance's identity or composition. Physical properties include odor, color, density, and so on9 min readSystem of UnitsMeasurement forms the fundamental principle to various other branches of science, that is, construction and engineering services. Measurement is defined as the action of associating numerical with their possible physical quantities and phenomena. Measurements find a role in everyday activities to a9 min readMass and WeightMass and Weight are commonly used in the same manner by the general masses but there are differences between both Mass and Weight, where Mass is the measure of Inertia unlike Weight which is a measure of force acting on a body towards the heavy body. But yet still many people use these two terms int10 min readSignificant FiguresIn order to find the value of different sizes and compare them, measurement is used. Measuring things is not only a concept but also practically used in everyday life, for example, a milkman measures milk before selling it in order to make sure the correct amount is served, A tailor always measures7 min readLaws of Chemical CombinationLaws of Chemical Combination are one of the most fundamental building blocks of the subject of chemistry. As in our surrounding different matter reacts with each other and form various kind of different substances. Laws of Chemical Combination are the collection of laws that explains how these subst7 min readLaw of Conservation of MassLaw of Conservation of Mass: The law of conservation of mass states that the mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. This implies, in a closed system the mass of the elements involved initially in a chemical reaction is equal to the mass of the product obtained by the react9 min readLaws of Chemical CombinationLaws of Chemical Combination are one of the most fundamental building blocks of the subject of chemistry. As in our surrounding different matter reacts with each other and form various kind of different substances. Laws of Chemical Combination are the collection of laws that explains how these subst7 min readGay Lussac's LawGay Lussac's is one of the Ideal gas laws that relates the pressure of the gas with its absolute temperature when its volume is kept constant. The basic statement of Gay Lussac’s Law is, the pressure produced by a gas is directly proportional to its temperature if mass and volume are kept fixed. Gay6 min readDalton's Atomic TheoryIn the year 1808, the English scientist and chemist John Dalton proposed Dalton's atomic hypothesis, a scientific theory on the nature of matter. It asserted that all matter is made up of atoms, which are tiny, indivisible units. According to Dalton's atomic theory, all substances are made up of ato8 min readAtomic MassAtomic mass is the total mass of all subatomic particles of an atom, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. However, the mass of electrons is incredibly small, so it's typically neglected when determining an atom's overall mass. The unit commonly used to express atomic mass is the Atomic Mass U9 min readMolecular MassMolecular Mass is the mass of all the atoms present in a molecule. In ancient India and Greece, philosophers have first given the idea of atoms and deeply studied them. Around 500 BC.Everything around is made up of very small units these units are atoms in the language of science, very small in the8 min readFormula Mass of Ionic CompoundsThere are many known compounds and molecules. The compounds made up only of ions are called ionic compounds. The concept of the formula unit of ionic compounds and the formula mass helps find the atomic masses of the ionic compounds. The formula mass is then calculated in the same way in which the m6 min readPercentage Composition - Definition, Formula, ExamplesDifferent constituent elements make up any chemical compound. In some chemical reaction calculations, you'll need to figure out how much of a certain element is in a specific compound. Or, in order to understand the contribution of a specific element in any of the stoichiometric calculations of a ch5 min readStoichiometry and Stoichiometric CalculationsJeremias Richter, a German chemist, was the first to create or discover the word Stoichiometry. The quantitative analysis of the reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction is known as chemical stoichiometry. The name "stoichiometry" comes from the Greek words "stoikhein" (element) and "m7 min readChapter 2 Structure of AtomDiscovery of ElectronsThe basic idea of the discovery of the elementary particles was generated by Dalton's Atomic Theory. John Dalton in 1808 gave the first scientific theory about atoms, in which, he stated that atoms are the smallest particle of any matter. They are indivisible and indestructible. According to Dalton7 min readWhat is a Proton?Protons are the fundamental particles that reside inside the nucleus of any atom. They are the positive charge particle and are responsible for balancing the negative charge of the electron to make the atom electrically neutral. Proton was discovered by the famous scientist Ernest Rutherford. Atoms6 min readNeutronsNeutrons are fundamental subatomic particles of the atom. An atom is made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. James Chadwick, an English physicist, discovered the neutron in 1932. Neutrons are particles with no charge and higher mass. They are represented by n. They reside inside the nucleus of t8 min readThomson's Atomic ModelThomson's Atomic Model is one of the fundamental models of the atom that tries to explain the working and structure of the atom. this model was proposed by famous Scientist JJ Thomson in 1904. Thomson during his cathode ray experiment proved the existence of a negatively charged particle called elec6 min readRutherford Atomic ModelRutherford Atomic Model was proposed by Ernest Rutherford in 1911. It is also called the Planetary Model of the Atom. It introduced the concept of a dense, positively charged nucleus at the center of an atom, with electrons orbiting around it, forming the basis for modern atomic theory. In this arti6 min readMass NumberMass Number of an atom is the total number of protons and neutrons present in an atom. We know that an atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons but the mass of the atom is contributed by protons and neutrons as the mass of electrons is very low hence it doesn't contribute to the mass of an11 min readBohr's Model of an AtomBohr's Model is an atomic model proposed by Danish Physicist Niels Bohr in 1913. According to this model, in an atom, the electrons revolve around the nucleus in definite energy levels called orbits/shells. This model provides a basic understanding of the concept of the atom and its constituents. Le8 min readPlanck's Quantum FormulaMaxwell's proposal concerning the wave nature of electromagnetic radiation was useful in describing phenomena such as interference, diffraction, and other phenomena as science progressed. However, he was unable to explain a number of other observations, including the nature of radiation emission fro7 min readAtomic SpectraAtomic Spectra is the spectrum of radiation of electromagnetic waves produced due to the transition of an electron from one energy level to another level within an atom. Atoms have an equal number of negative and positive charges. Atoms were described as spherical clouds of positive charges with emb9 min readSpectrum of the Hydrogen AtomElectrons in a hydrogen atom circle around a nucleus. Because of the electromagnetic force between the proton and electron, electrons go through numerous quantum states. Neil Bohr's model helps in visualizing these quantum states as electrons orbit the nucleus in different directions. When Electrons7 min readBohr's Model of the Hydrogen AtomThe Bohr model of the hydrogen atom was the first atomic model to successfully explain the atomic hydrogen radiation spectra. Niels Bohr proposed the atomic Hydrogen model in 1913. The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom attempts to fill in some of the gaps left by Rutherford's model. It has a special p9 min readQuantum Mechanical Atomic ModelSchrödinger used the electron's wave-particle duality to design and solve a difficult mathematical equation that precisely represented the behaviour of the electron in a hydrogen atom in 1926. The solution to Schrödinger's equation yielded the quantum mechanical model of the atom. The quantization o8 min readQuantum NumbersQuantum numbers in Chemistry, are the sets of numbers that describe an electron's orbit and movement within an atom. When the quantum numbers of all the electrons in a given atom are added together, they must satisfy the Schrodinger equation. Quantum numbers are the set of numbers used to describe t12 min readElectronic Configuration in Periods and GroupsElectronic Configuration is the arrangement of electrons in orbitals around an atomic nucleus. Electronic Configuration of a molecule refers to the distribution of electrons in various molecular orbitals. The number of electrons in bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals of a molecule or molecula9 min readChapter 3 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in PropertiesDobereiners Triads - Definition, Types, LimitationsSince ancient times, there have been various attempts to classify the elements into groups according to their properties. As the new elements were discovered, a number of theories came up to classify the elements. Various scientists used various approaches and facts to justify their classification.5 min readNewland’s Law of OctavesNewland's Law of Octaves also called Law of Octaves was one of the initial attempts to arrange all the known chemical elements in a table to make their study better. In Newland's Law of Octaves, elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic mass and it is seen that the property of th6 min readModern Periodic LawAll matter in our environment is made up of basic units known as elements. Initially, only 31 chemical elements were discovered in 1800 and it was easier to study their chemical and other properties. However, as more and more elements were discovered due to technological advancements in science, it6 min readNomenclature of Elements with Atomic Number above 100The contemporary periodic table has around 118 elements. In most cases, the element's discoverer is given the honour of naming the element. The chemical element's name is derived from its physical or chemical properties, its origin, or mythical qualities. The IUPAC then approves the preferred name o5 min readElectron ConfigurationElectron Configuration of an element tells us how electrons are filled inside various orbitals of the atom. The distribution of electrons inside various orbital of atoms is very useful in explaining various properties of the atoms and their combination with other atoms. The electron configuration of8 min readp-Block Elements - Definition, Properties, Uses, ExamplesSome metals, all nonmetals, and metalloids are among these elements. Normal or representative elements are s-block and p-block elements combined (except zero group elements). Each periodic table period concludes with a member of the zero group (18th group), i.e. a noble gas with a closed shell ns2np7 min readElectronic Configuration of the d-block ElementsElectronic Configuration of the d-block elements are those that can be found in the contemporary periodic table from the third to the twelfth groups. These elements' valence electrons are located in the d orbital. d-block elements are sometimes known as transition elements or transition metals. The7 min readChapter 4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular StructureIonic BondIonic Bond is a bond that is formed by the electrostatic force of attraction between atoms. In an ionic bond, a complete transfer of electrons takes place in the process of bond formation. This bond is formed by the attracting force between the cations and the anions that are formed by the donating8 min readBond Parameters - Definition, Order, Angle, LengthSeveral bond parameters, such as bond length, bond angle, bond order, and bond energy, can be used to characterize covalent bonds (also known as bond enthalpy). These bond parameters provide information about the stability of a chemical compound as well as the strength of the chemical bonds that hol7 min readVSEPR TheoryVSEPR Theory tells us about the basic structure of the molecules based on the force of repulsion between lone pair and bond pair of electrons. It states that any molecule arranged in such a structure minimizes the repulsion between the lone pair and bond pair of the molecule. Let's learn more about9 min readValence Bond TheoryValence bond theory (VBT) describes the formation of covalent bonds and the electronic structure of molecules. It assumes that electrons occupy atomic orbitals of individual atoms within a molecule, and that the electrons of one atom are attracted to the nucleus of another atom. VBT states that the7 min readHybridizationThe concept of hybridization is defined as the process of combining two atomic orbitals to create a new type of hybridized orbitals. This intermixing typically results in the formation of hybrid orbitals with completely different energies, shapes, and so on. Hybridization is primarily carried out by7 min readMolecular Orbital TheoryThe Molecular Orbital Theory is a chemical bonding theory developed at the turn of the twentieth century by F. R. Hund and R. S. Mulliken to explain the structure and properties of various molecules. The valence-bond theory failed to adequately explain how certain molecules, such as resonance-stabil7 min readHydrogen BondingIn chemistry, a hydrogen bond is an electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen atom and another electronegative atom. It is a special type of dipole-dipole force. Hydrogen bonding is the phenomenon of the formation of Hydrogen Bonds. H Bonds are stronger than any dipole-dipole bonds but we13 min readChapter 5 States of MatterIntermolecular Forces - Definition, Types, Equations, ExamplesCharacteristics of chemical systems are observable when they represent the bulk properties of matter. For example, an individual molecule does not boil, while a bulk boils. Collections of water molecules have wetting properties while individual molecules do not. Water, just like all matter, can exis8 min readIntermolecular Forces - Definition, Types, Equations, ExamplesCharacteristics of chemical systems are observable when they represent the bulk properties of matter. For example, an individual molecule does not boil, while a bulk boils. Collections of water molecules have wetting properties while individual molecules do not. Water, just like all matter, can exis8 min readIntermolecular Forces - Definition, Types, Equations, ExamplesCharacteristics of chemical systems are observable when they represent the bulk properties of matter. For example, an individual molecule does not boil, while a bulk boils. Collections of water molecules have wetting properties while individual molecules do not. Water, just like all matter, can exis8 min readIntermolecular Forces - Definition, Types, Equations, ExamplesCharacteristics of chemical systems are observable when they represent the bulk properties of matter. For example, an individual molecule does not boil, while a bulk boils. Collections of water molecules have wetting properties while individual molecules do not. Water, just like all matter, can exis8 min readGas LawsGas Laws, When the conditions are normal, all gases have similar behaviour. However, even slight changes in physical conditions such as pressure, temperature, or volume cause a deviation. The behaviour of gases is studied using gas laws. A gas's state variables, such as pressure, volume, and tempera10 min readGas LawsGas Laws, When the conditions are normal, all gases have similar behaviour. However, even slight changes in physical conditions such as pressure, temperature, or volume cause a deviation. The behaviour of gases is studied using gas laws. A gas's state variables, such as pressure, volume, and tempera10 min readGas LawsGas Laws, When the conditions are normal, all gases have similar behaviour. However, even slight changes in physical conditions such as pressure, temperature, or volume cause a deviation. The behaviour of gases is studied using gas laws. A gas's state variables, such as pressure, volume, and tempera10 min readGas LawsGas Laws, When the conditions are normal, all gases have similar behaviour. However, even slight changes in physical conditions such as pressure, temperature, or volume cause a deviation. The behaviour of gases is studied using gas laws. A gas's state variables, such as pressure, volume, and tempera10 min readGas LawsGas Laws, When the conditions are normal, all gases have similar behaviour. However, even slight changes in physical conditions such as pressure, temperature, or volume cause a deviation. The behaviour of gases is studied using gas laws. A gas's state variables, such as pressure, volume, and tempera10 min readIdeal Gas LawThe ideal gas law also called the general gas equation, is an equation that provides the relation among the various parameters of the gas i.e. they provide the relation among pressure(P), temperature(T), and Volume(V) of the gas. It is a combination of Charles’s law, Boyle’s Law, Avogadro’s law, and10 min readDerivation of Ideal Gas EquationThe ideal gas law is a well-defined approximation of the behaviour of several gases under various situations in thermodynamics. The Ideal Gas Equation is a mathematical formula that uses a combination of empirical and physical constants to express the states of hypothetical gases. The general gas eq9 min readKinetic Energy and Molecular SpeedsTo study the action of molecules scientists have thought to study a theoretical model and that model is the Kinetic theory of gases and it assumes that molecules are very small relative to the distance between molecules. Typically, the actual properties of solids and fluids can be depicted by their6 min readKinetic Molecular Theory of GasesThe kinetic molecular theory of gases explains a gas's three macroscopic characteristics in terms of the microscopic nature of the gas's atoms and molecules. The size, shape, mass, and volume of solids and liquids are commonly used to characterize their physical properties. Gases, on the other hand,9 min readDeviation of Real Gases from Ideal Gas BehaviourA state of matter is one of the different forms. In everyday life, four states of matter are visible: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Many intermediate states, such as liquid crystal, are known to exist, and certain states, such as Bose-Einstein condensates, neutron-degenerate matter, and quark-gluo9 min readLiquefaction of GasesPhysics and chemistry are both concerned with the study of matter, energy, and their interactions. Scientists know that matter can change states and that the sum of a system's matter and energy is constant because of thermodynamic rules. Matter changes state when energy is added or removed, forming8 min readChapter 6 ThermodynamicsBasics Concepts of ThermodynamicsThermodynamics is concerned with the ideas of heat and temperature, as well as the exchange of heat and other forms of energy. The branch of science that is known as thermodynamics is related to the study of various kinds of energy and its interconversion. The behaviour of these quantities is govern12 min readEnthalpy Change of a ReactionThe study of thermodynamics is the study of systems that are too large to be extrapolated by mechanics alone. For many generations, thermodynamics was vaguely understood, and many of the results were determined only experimentally. Some of the results posed great theoretical challenges for physicist9 min readEnthalpies for Different Types of ReactionsThermodynamics is a field of physics that studies the relationship between heat, work, and temperature, as well as their relationships with energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The four principles of thermodynamics regulate the behaviour of these quantities, which pr10 min readWhat is Spontaneity? - Definition, Types, Gibbs EnergyThermodynamics is a discipline of physics that studies heat, work, and temperature, as well as their relationships with energy, radiation, and matter's physical characteristics. The four principles of thermodynamics regulate the behaviour of these quantities, which provide a quantitative description7 min readGibbs Energy Change and EquilibriumEnergy can take many forms, including kinetic energy produced by an object's movement, potential energy produced by an object's position, heat energy transferred from one object to another due to a temperature difference, radiant energy associated with sunlight, the electrical energy produced in gal10 min readChapter 7 EquilibriumEquilibrium in Physical ProcessesEquilibrium exists in physical processes, just as it does in chemical reactions. The equilibrium that arises between different states or phases of a substance, such as solid, liquid, and gas, is referred to as this. Let's take a closer look at how equilibrium works in physical processes. Substances11 min readEquilibrium in Chemical ProcessesChemical equilibrium is the state of a system in which the reactant and product concentrations do not change over time and the system's attributes do not change further. Reactions take place in both forward and reverse directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are similar in su7 min readLaw of Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium ConstantDuring a chemical process, chemical equilibrium refers to the state in which the concentrations of both reactants and products have no tendency to fluctuate over time. When the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal, a chemical reaction is said to be in chemical equilibrium. The state is known8 min readApplications of Equilibrium ConstantsWhen a chemical process reaches equilibrium, the equilibrium constant (usually represented by the symbol K) provides information on the relationship between the products and reactants. For example, the equilibrium constant of concentration (denoted by Kc) of a chemical reaction at equilibrium can be6 min readWhat is the Relation between Equilibrium Constant, Reaction Quotient and Gibbs Energy?A scientist was observing a reaction and at a certain point and found the concentration of reactant is equal to the concentration of product and after some time and observed color of reactant is changing, the scientist found concentration of products is greater than the concentration of reactants, f8 min readIonic EquilibriumReactants and products coexist in equilibrium, therefore reactant conversion to product is never greater than 100%. Equilibrium reactions may entail the breakdown of a covalent (non-polar) reactant or the ionisation of ionic compounds in polar solvents into their ions. This part will teach us about5 min readAcids, Bases and SaltsAcids, Bases, and Salts are the main chemical compounds that exist in our surroundings. Acids, Bases, and Salts are compounds that occur naturally and can also be created artificially. They are found in various substances including our food. Vinegar or acetic acid is used as a food preservative. Cit15+ min readIonization of Acids and BasesIonization of a compound in Chemistry is the process by which neutral molecules are divided into charged ions in a solution. According to the Arrhenius Theory, acids are substances that dissociate in an aqueous medium to produce hydrogen ions, H+ ions, and bases are substances that dissociate in an6 min readImportance of pH in Everyday LifeAcids, bases, and salts have an impact on chemistry as well as our daily lives. Acids have a sour flavour (the word acid comes from the Latin word ‘acere’ which means ‘sour’), bases have a bitter taste, while salts themselves have a salty taste. Citric acid is found in fruits such as oranges and lem13 min readStrength of AcidsAcids are a molecule or other species which can donate a proton or accept an electron pair in reactions. When acids react with H2O, they create hydrogen ions; the strength of an acid is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. A higher number of hydrogen ions indicates that th6 min readBuffer SolutionBuffer Solution is a special aqueous solution that resists the change in its pH when some quantity of acid and Base is added. Many fluids, such as blood, have specific pH values of 7.14, and variations in these values indicate that the body is malfunctioning. The change in pH of Buffer Solutions on10 min readSolubility EquilibriaThe word "solubility product" refers to inexpensively soluble salts. It is the greatest product of the molar concentration of the ions (raised to their appropriate powers) produced by compound dissociation. The solubility product is constant at any given temperature. The lower the solubility product5 min readChapter 8 Redox ReactionsOxidation and Reduction ReactionsOxidation and Reduction reactions are simply called Redox reactions. There are chemical reactions in which the oxidation number of the chemical species involved in the reaction changes. Oxidation and reduction Reactions involve a wide variety of processes. For example, oxidation-reduction reactions8 min readOxidation Number | Definition, How To Find, ExamplesOxidation number is defined as the total number of electrons that an atom either gains or loses to form a chemical bond with another atom. Let's learn about oxidation number in detail, including its rules and steps to calculate it with the help of examples. Table of Content Oxidation Number Definit13 min readDecomposition ReactionHave you ever wondered what happens when compounds break apart into simpler substances? Or how energy is released, and new compounds are formed? The answers to these questions lie in the concept of Decomposition Reaction. Decomposition Reactions are a key concept in the understanding of the chemical7 min readBalancing Redox ReactionsRedox Reactions are the reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur in the same reaction. Balancing redox reactions is the process in which we balance redox reaction equations using various methods. There are generally two methods that are used to balance redox reactions that include, Oxidation15+ min readRedox Reactions and Electrode ProcessesElectrode Potential and Standard Electrode Potential are key concepts in the field of electrochemistry which is the branch of chemistry that deals with relationships between electric potential differences and observable chemical change. Electrode Potential is also used extensively in the development8 min readEffects of Oxidation Reactions in Everyday LifeThe addition of an oxygen atom to a compound is referred to as oxidation. This process's inverse is known as reduction and involves the removal of an electron. Biological oxidation is a biological process in which electrons are lost, as opposed to reduction, which involves the gain of electrons. How9 min readChapter 9 HydrogenDihydrogen - Structure, Properties and ApplicationsThe lightest element is hydrogen. Under normal conditions, hydrogen is a gas composed of diatomic molecules with the formula H2. It is colourless, odourless, non-toxic, and extremely flammable. Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical element in the universe, accounting for roughly 75% of all normal m7 min readIsotopes of HydrogenIsotopes of an atom are variants of the same atom but with different mass numbers. That is if two atoms have the same atomic number but different mass numbers then they are called the isotopes of one another. Various examples of the isotopes are the isotopes of hydrogen, we have three different isot10 min readHydridesHydride in Chemistry is the name of a compound containing Hydrogen Anion. Hydrides are chemical compounds with one atom of hydrogen and an extra atom. Hence, they are an anion of Hydrogen. An anion is a species that has extra electrons and thus exhibits a negative charge. Thus, hydride (hydrogen ani6 min readStructure and Properties of WaterWater is a valuable natural resource. Water is essential for the survival of all living things. We can't imagine a world without water. Water is required by animals and plants to complete their daily metabolic activities. Water is required by plants to synthesize their food through the photosynthesi9 min readChemical Formula of Water - Structure, Properties, Uses, Sample QuestionsHydrogen (H) has unique kind properties that are not like some other component on our planet, close to 66% of our Universe's mass is made out of this unique component. It is both electropositive as well as electronegative, as it structures hydrogen particles (H+)as well as hydride particles (H-). Hy4 min readDihydrogen as Fuel - Definition, Uses, ExamplesHydrogen is the first element on the modern periodic table. It has the simplest atomic structure as compared to all other elements. In atomic form, it has one proton and one electron. On the other hand, in elemental form, it exists as a diatomic (H2) molecule called dihydrogen. If Hydrogen loses its7 min readChapter 10 S-block ElementsAlkali MetalsAlkali metals are the first group of s-block elements that are found on the leftmost side of the periodic table. Alkali metals are the most electropositive elements on the periodic table as they easily lose electrons. These metals formed various useful compounds with halides, oxygen, and sulfur. Alk11 min readCharacteristics of the Compounds of Alkali MetalsThere are a large number of elements around us having different properties and different uses based on those properties. For using these elements, properties are important so there should be some table to group these elements. This table is known as a periodic table which is created by using the wor6 min readAnomalous Behavior of Lithium and BerylliumElements are arranged in a periodic table row-wise and column-wise according to similarities in their chemical and physical properties. The elements in the first column are known as Group 1 elements which have the following elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, Caesium and Francium. All the8 min readSome Important Compounds of SodiumSodium is a soft metal, it is the eleventh element in the periodic table. It is represented by the Na symbol and the atomic number of sodium is 11 it belongs to the family of s-block elements in the periodic table. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element. Its amount in the earth's crust is nearly7 min readWhat is Sodium Chloride? - Definition, Preparation, Properties, UsesSalt's chemical name is sodium chloride. Sodium is an electrolyte that regulates your body's water content. Sodium is also involved in nerve impulses and muscle contractions. Sodium chloride is a medication used to treat or prevent sodium loss caused by dehydration, excessive sweating, or other fact6 min readAlkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals are Group 2 elements which includes a collection of elements Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Barium, Strontium, and Radium, which are soft silver metals with a less metallic quality than Group 1 alkali metals. All the heavier metals in Group II such as Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra, share11 min readCharacteristics of the Compounds of Alkaline Earth MetalsAll the elements that exist in nature are arranged in a periodic table after several years of research work, these are placed in groups and rows based on some predefined criteria. Some elements may not follow the criteria but still, they are placed in the same column or group due to their similariti8 min readAnomalous Behavior of Lithium and BerylliumElements are arranged in a periodic table row-wise and column-wise according to similarities in their chemical and physical properties. The elements in the first column are known as Group 1 elements which have the following elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, Caesium and Francium. All the8 min readSome Important Compounds of CalciumCalcium is a reactive alkaline earth metal that when exposed to the air generates a black oxide-nitride coating. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to those of strontium and barium, its heavier homologues. After iron and aluminium, it is the fifth most abundant element in the Eart7 min readPlaster of ParisPlaster of Paris is a well-known chemical compound that is widely used in sculpting materials and gauze bandages. While we have seen numerous applications of this substance in our daily lives, Plaster of Paris is a white powdered chemical compound that is hydrated calcium sulphate that is typically8 min readBiological Importance of Alkali and Alkaline Earth MetalsElements are arranged in a periodic table row-wise and column-wise according to similarities in their chemical and physical properties. The elements in the first column are known as Group 1 elements which have the following elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, Caesium and Francium. All the10 min read Like