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Image Segmentation Using TensorFlow
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Detecting COVID-19 From Chest X-Ray Images using CNN

Last Updated : 15 Mar, 2024
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A Django Based Web Application built for the purpose of detecting the presence of COVID-19 from Chest X-Ray images with multiple machine learning models trained on pre-built architectures. Three different machine learning models were used to build this project namely Xception, ResNet50, and VGG16. The Deep Learning model was trained on a publicly available dataset, the SARS-COV-2-Ct-Scan Dataset. The purpose of this project is to apply Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) Architectures in solving problems of the pandemic on a preliminary stage.

Tools and Technologies Used

Some important libraries and technologies used are listed below

  • Programming Language: Python
  • Web Framework: Django
  • Machine Learning Framework: Tensorflow
  • Frontend Dev: HTML, CSS (BootStrap)
  • Essential Libraries: keras, sklearn, venv, seaborn, matplotlib

A detailed list of all the libraries can be found here.

Step by Step Implementation

Deep Learning Part

1) Convert Dataset into Dataframe

  • Convert the data into a pandas dataframe with the corresponding columns
    • File [Image File]
    • DiseaseID [Serial Number]
    • DiseaseType [COVID, non-COVID]
  • Python3

    train_dir = 'path/to/dataset'
    train_data = []
      
    for defects_id, sp in enumerate(disease_types):
        for file in os.listdir(os.path.join(train_dir, sp)):
            train_data.append(['{}/{}'.format(sp, file), defects_id, sp])
              
    train = pd.DataFrame(train_data, columns=['File', 'DiseaseID', 'Disease Type'])
                          
                           

    2) Read and Preprocess the Dataframe

    • Read the Images
    • Convert the Images into the standard size of (64 x 64)
    • Create numpy arrays for input/output X_Train & Y_Train
    • Normalize the RGB values by dividing with 255.

    Python3

    IMAGE_SIZE = 64
      
    def read_image(filepath):
        return cv2.imread(os.path.join(data_dir, filepath))
      
    def resize_image(image, image_size):
        return cv2.resize(image.copy(), image_size, 
                          interpolation=cv2.INTER_AREA)
      
    X_train = np.zeros((train.shape[0], IMAGE_SIZE, IMAGE_SIZE, 3))
      
    for i, file in tqdm(enumerate(train['File'].values)):
        image = read_image(file)
        if image is not None:
            X_train[i] = resize_image(image, (IMAGE_SIZE, IMAGE_SIZE))
              
    X_Train = X_train / 255.
      
    Y_train = train['DiseaseID'].values
    Y_train = to_categorical(Y_train, num_classes=2)
                          
                           

    3) Split the Dataset into Train/Validation

    • Split into Train, Validation datasets
    • Select split percentage & random state accordingly

    Python3

    X_train, X_val, Y_train, Y_val = train_test_split(
      X_Train, Y_train, test_size=0.2, random_state = 42)
                          
                           

    4) Define Model Architecture

    • We are going to import three different architectures listed below :
      • VGG16
      • ResNet50
      • Xception
    • Structure of Model Architecture
      • Conv2D of Input Shape (3,3)
      • ResNet50/Xception/VGG16 Architecture
      • Add a GlobalAveragePooling2D()
      • Add a Dropout Layer
      • Final DenseNet Layer with relu activation
      • For Multiple Output add a Softmax layer
    • Use an ‘adam’ optimizer, hyperparameters can be tuned accordingly
    • The following code proposes a sample code for building a model

    Python3

    def build_model():
      
        # Use Any One of the Following Lines
        resnet50 = ResNet50(weights='imagenet', include_top=False)
        xception = Xception(weights='imagenet', include_top=False)
        vgg16 = VGG16(weights='imagenet', include_top=False)
      
        input = Input(shape=(SIZE, SIZE, N_ch))
        x = Conv2D(3, (3, 3), padding='same')(input)
      
        # Use Any One of the Following Lines
        x = resnet50(x)
        x = xception(x)
        x = vgg16(x)
      
        x = GlobalAveragePooling2D()(x)
        x = BatchNormalization()(x)
        x = Dropout(0.5)(x)
        x = Dense(256, activation='relu')(x)
        x = BatchNormalization()(x)
        x = Dropout(0.5)(x)
      
        # multi output
        output = Dense(2, activation='softmax', name='root')(x)
      
        # model
        model = Model(input, output)
      
        optimizer = Adam(lr=0.003, beta_1=0.9, beta_2=0.999,
                         epsilon=0.1, decay=0.0)
          
        model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy',
                      optimizer=optimizer, metrics=['accuracy'])
          
        model.summary()
      
        return model
                          
                           

    5) Train the Model

    • Call build_model() function
    • Use an annealer, a callback that monitors a quantity and if no improvement is seen for a ‘patience’ number of epochs, the learning rate is reduced.
    • Use an ImageDataGenerator to carry out real time image data augmentation
    • Train the model on x_train, y_train
    • Save the model weights in .hdf5 format and model graph in .json format

    Python3

    # Use Any one of the Lines Below
    hdf5_save = 'ResNet50_Model.hdf5'
    hdf5_save = 'Xception_Model.hdf5'
    hdf5_save = 'VGG16_Model.hdf5'
      
    model = build_model()
    annealer = ReduceLROnPlateau(
        monitor='val_accuracy', factor=0.70, patience=5,
        verbose=1, min_lr=1e-4)
      
    checkpoint = ModelCheckpoint(h5f5_save, verbose=1, save_best_only=True)
      
    datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rotation_range=360,
                                 width_shift_range=0.2,
                                 height_shift_range=0.2,
                                 zoom_range=0.2,
                                 horizontal_flip=True,
                                 vertical_flip=True)
      
    datagen.fit(X_train)
      
    # Use Any one of the lines Below
    model_graph = 'ResNet50.json'
    model_graph = 'Xception.json'
    model_graph = 'VGG16.json'
      
    model_json = model.to_json()
    with open(model_graph, "w") as json_file:
        json_file.write(model_json)
                          
                           

    Building the Web App

    • Create a Django Project with an application initialized inside it which would be using the saved model weights to predict uploaded Chest X-Ray Images
    • Create a basic Static Page with a form to send the image file to the backend

    HTML

    <form method="post" id="imageForm" enctype="multipart/form-data">
       {% csrf_token %}
       <label for="ImgFile">Upload Image</label>
       <input type="file" name="ImgFile" class="form-control"/>
       <input type="submit" id="submitButton" class="btn" name="submit" value="Solve"/>
    </form>
                          
                           
    • Inside the views.py folder, handle the uploaded image. Load the model files and send the response back to the front end.
    • The response would contain the following details
      • Model Prediction
      • Confidence Score
      • Prediction Duration (in s)
    • Add styling to the frontend using CSS (Bootstrap) accordingly

    Note: Loading multiple models and using model.predict() takes a lot of time and it’d be much more in the absence of GPU services in the Cloud instance. For scaling this application to a higher server load consider using TensorFlow Serving

    Demo

    A Demo Version of the project built and tested on localhost is demonstrated in the video below

    COV-CNN Demo

    Applications in Real Life & Future Work

    The project built in the previous lines cannot be directly applied, however, a lot of such applications can be built on a similar tangent for serving the purpose of preliminary medical diagnosis based on inputs of patients saving a lot of screening stage costs to the medical industry. The machine learning pipeline presented in the project can be taken up a notch by making it dynamic in nature. By adding more training data dynamically to the model and train it on them to improve its accuracy. The ML Model can be converted into a REST API making the application more robust in nature and scalable. A MySQL Database could be used for storing patient data with diagnosis details and other parameters. I’ve presented a use-sketch diagram for illustrating the architecture of the application which could be built in the near future to be applied in the medical industry.

    Resources

    • GitHub Repository : https://github.com/dwaipayan05/CovCNN-WebApp
    • Google Drive Link  : Notebook/Weight Files/Dataset


    Next Article
    Image Segmentation Using TensorFlow

    D

    dwaipayanmunshi2001
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    Article Tags :
    • AI-ML-DS
    • Deep Learning
    • ProGeek
    • AI-ML-DS With Python
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        Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are a type of deep learning model specifically designed for processing images. Unlike traditional neural networks CNNs uses convolutional layers to automatically and efficiently extract features such as edges, textures and patterns from images. This makes them hi
        5 min read

      • Traffic Signs Recognition using CNN and Keras in Python
        We always come across incidents of accidents where drivers' Overspeed or lack of vision leads to major accidents. In winter, the risk of road accidents has a 40-50% increase because of the traffic signs' lack of visibility. So here in this article, we will be implementing Traffic Sign recognition us
        6 min read

      • Lung Cancer Detection using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
        Computer Vision is one of the applications of deep neural networks that helps us to automate tasks that earlier required years of expertise and one such use in predicting the presence of cancerous cells. In this article, we will learn how to build a classifier using a simple Convolution Neural Netwo
        7 min read

      • Lung Cancer Detection Using Transfer Learning
        Computer Vision is one of the applications of deep neural networks that enables us to automate tasks that earlier required years of expertise and one such use in predicting the presence of cancerous cells. In this article, we will learn how to build a classifier using the Transfer Learning technique
        8 min read

      • Pneumonia Detection using Deep Learning
        In this article, we will discuss solving a medical problem i.e. Pneumonia which is a dangerous disease that may occur in one or both lungs usually caused by viruses, fungi or bacteria. We will detect this lung disease based on the x-rays we have. Chest X-rays dataset is taken from Kaggle which conta
        7 min read

      • Detecting Covid-19 with Chest X-ray
        COVID-19 pandemic is one of the biggest challenges for the healthcare system right now. It is a respiratory disease that affects our lungs and can cause lasting damage to the lungs that led to symptoms such as difficulty in breathing and in some cases pneumonia and respiratory failure. In this artic
        9 min read

      • Skin Cancer Detection using TensorFlow
        In this article, we will learn how to implement a Skin Cancer Detection model using Tensorflow. We will use a dataset that contains images for the two categories that are malignant or benign. We will use the transfer learning technique to achieve better results in less amount of training. We will us
        5 min read

      • Age Detection using Deep Learning in OpenCV
        The task of age prediction might sound simple at first but it's quite challenging in real-world applications. While predicting age is typically seen as a regression problem this approach faces many uncertainties like camera quality, brightness, climate condition, background, etc. In this article we'
        5 min read

      • Face and Hand Landmarks Detection using Python - Mediapipe, OpenCV
        In this article, we will use mediapipe python library to detect face and hand landmarks. We will be using a Holistic model from mediapipe solutions to detect all the face and hand landmarks. We will be also seeing how we can access different landmarks of the face and hands which can be used for diff
        4 min read

      • Detecting COVID-19 From Chest X-Ray Images using CNN
        A Django Based Web Application built for the purpose of detecting the presence of COVID-19 from Chest X-Ray images with multiple machine learning models trained on pre-built architectures. Three different machine learning models were used to build this project namely Xception, ResNet50, and VGG16. T
        5 min read

      • Image Segmentation Using TensorFlow
        Image segmentation refers to the task of annotating a single class to different groups of pixels. While the input is an image, the output is a mask that draws the region of the shape in that image. Image segmentation has wide applications in domains such as medical image analysis, self-driving cars,
        8 min read

      • License Plate Recognition with OpenCV and Tesseract OCR
        License Plate Recognition is widely used for automated identification of vehicle registration plates for security purpose and law enforcement. By combining computer vision techniques with Optical Character Recognition (OCR) we can extract license plate numbers from images enabling applications in ar
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      • Detect and Recognize Car License Plate from a video in real time
        Recognizing a Car License Plate is a very important task for a camera surveillance-based security system. We can extract the license plate from an image using some computer vision techniques and then we can use Optical Character Recognition to recognize the license number. Here I will guide you thro
        11 min read

      • Residual Networks (ResNet) - Deep Learning
        After the first CNN-based architecture (AlexNet) that win the ImageNet 2012 competition, Every subsequent winning architecture uses more layers in a deep neural network to reduce the error rate. This works for less number of layers, but when we increase the number of layers, there is a common proble
        9 min read

      Natural Language Processing Projects

      • Twitter Sentiment Analysis using Python
        This article covers the sentiment analysis of any topic by parsing the tweets fetched from Twitter using Python. What is sentiment analysis? Sentiment Analysis is the process of 'computationally' determining whether a piece of writing is positive, negative or neutral. It’s also known as opinion mini
        10 min read

      • Facebook Sentiment Analysis using python
        This article is a Facebook sentiment analysis using Vader, nowadays many government institutions and companies need to know their customers' feedback and comment on social media such as Facebook. What is sentiment analysis? Sentiment analysis is one of the best modern branches of machine learning, w
        6 min read

      • Next Sentence Prediction using BERT
        Next Sentence Prediction is a pre-training task used in BERT to help the model understand the relationship between different sentences. It is widely used for tasks like question answering, summarization and dialogue systems. The goal is to determine whether a given second sentence logically follows
        5 min read

      • Hate Speech Detection using Deep Learning
        There must be times when you have come across some social media post whose main aim is to spread hate and controversies or use abusive language on social media platforms. As the post consists of textual information to filter out such Hate Speeches NLP comes in handy. This is one of the main applicat
        7 min read

      • Image Caption Generator using Deep Learning on Flickr8K dataset
        Generating a caption for a given image is a challenging problem in the deep learning domain. In this article we will use different computer vision and NLP techniques to recognize the context of an image and describe them in a natural language like English. We will build a working model of the image
        12 min read

      • Movie recommendation based on emotion in Python
        Movies that effectively portray and explore emotions resonate deeply with audiences because they tap into our own emotional experiences and vulnerabilities. A well-crafted emotional movie can evoke empathy, understanding, and self-reflection, allowing viewers to connect with the characters and their
        4 min read

      • Speech Recognition in Python using Google Speech API
        Speech recognition means converting spoken words into text. It used in various artificial intelligence applications such as home automation, speech to text, etc. In this article, you’ll learn how to do basic speech recognition in Python using the Google Speech Recognition API. Step 1: Install Requir
        2 min read

      • Voice Assistant using python
        As we know Python is a suitable language for scriptwriters and developers. Let’s write a script for Voice Assistant using Python. The query for the assistant can be manipulated as per the user’s need. Speech recognition is the process of converting audio into text. This is commonly used in voice ass
        11 min read

      • Human Activity Recognition - Using Deep Learning Model
        Human activity recognition using smartphone sensors like accelerometer is one of the hectic topics of research. HAR is one of the time series classification problem. In this project various machine learning and deep learning models have been worked out to get the best final result. In the same seque
        6 min read

      • Fine-tuning BERT model for Sentiment Analysis
        Google created a transformer-based machine learning approach for natural language processing pre-training called Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers. It has a huge number of parameters, hence training it on a small dataset would lead to overfitting. This is why we use a pre-train
        7 min read

      • Sentiment Classification Using BERT
        BERT stands for Bidirectional Representation for Transformers and was proposed by researchers at Google AI language in 2018. Although the main aim of that was to improve the understanding of the meaning of queries related to Google Search, BERT becomes one of the most important and complete architec
        13 min read

      • Sentiment Analysis with an Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)
        Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) excel in sequence tasks such as sentiment analysis due to their ability to capture context from sequential data. In this article we will be apply RNNs to analyze the sentiment of customer reviews from Swiggy food delivery platform. The goal is to classify reviews as
        3 min read

      • Building an Autocorrector Using NLP in Python
        Autocorrect feature predicts and correct misspelled words, it helps to save time invested in the editing of articles, emails and reports. This feature is added many websites and social media platforms to ensure easy typing. In this tutorial we will build a Python-based autocorrection feature using N
        4 min read

      • Python | NLP analysis of Restaurant reviews
        Natural language processing (NLP) is an area of computer science and artificial intelligence concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural) languages, in particular how to program computers to process and analyze large amounts of natural language data. It is the branch of mach
        7 min read

      • Restaurant Review Analysis Using NLP and SQLite
        Normally, a lot of businesses are remained as failures due to lack of profit, lack of proper improvement measures. Mostly, restaurant owners face a lot of difficulties to improve their productivity. This project really helps those who want to increase their productivity, which in turn increases thei
        9 min read

      • Twitter Sentiment Analysis using Python
        This article covers the sentiment analysis of any topic by parsing the tweets fetched from Twitter using Python. What is sentiment analysis? Sentiment Analysis is the process of 'computationally' determining whether a piece of writing is positive, negative or neutral. It’s also known as opinion mini
        10 min read

      Clustering Projects

      • Customer Segmentation using Unsupervised Machine Learning in Python
        Customer Segmentation involves grouping customers based on shared characteristics, behaviors and preferences. By segmenting customers, businesses can tailor their strategies and target specific groups more effectively and enhance overall market value. Today we will use Unsupervised Machine Learning
        5 min read

      • Music Recommendation System Using Machine Learning
        When did we see a video on youtube let's say it was funny then the next time you open your youtube app you get recommendations of some funny videos in your feed ever thought about how? This is nothing but an application of Machine Learning using which recommender systems are built to provide persona
        4 min read

      • K means Clustering - Introduction
        K-Means Clustering is an Unsupervised Machine Learning algorithm which groups the unlabeled dataset into different clusters. The article aims to explore the fundamentals and working of k means clustering along with its implementation. Understanding K-means ClusteringK-means clustering is a technique
        6 min read

      • Image Segmentation using K Means Clustering
        Image segmentation is a technique in computer vision that divides an image into different segments. This can help identify specific objects, boundaries or patterns in the image.  Image is basically a set of given pixels and in image segmentation pixels with similar intensity are grouped together. Im
        2 min read

      Recommender System Project

      • AI Driven Snake Game using Deep Q Learning
        Content has been removed from this Article
        1 min read

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