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Passing function as an argument in Python

Default arguments in Python

Last Updated : 11 Sep, 2024

Python allows function arguments to have default values. If the function is called without the argument, the argument gets its default value.

Default Arguments:

Python has a different way of representing syntax and default values for function arguments. Default values indicate that the function argument will take that value if no argument value is passed during the function call. The default value is assigned by using the assignment(=) operator of the form keywordname=value.
Syntax:

def function_name(param1, param2=default_value2, param3=default_value3)

Let’s understand this through a function student. The function student contains 3-arguments out of which 2 arguments are assigned with default values. So, the function student accepts one required argument (firstname), and rest two arguments are optional.

Python

def student(firstname, lastname ='Mark', standard ='Fifth'):       print(firstname, lastname, 'studies in', standard, 'Standard')

We need to keep the following points in mind while calling functions:

In the case of passing the keyword arguments, the order of arguments is not important.
There should be only one value for one parameter.
The passed keyword name should match with the actual keyword name.
In the case of calling a function containing non-keyword arguments, the order is important.

Example #1: Calling functions without keyword arguments

Python

def student(firstname, lastname ='Mark', standard ='Fifth'):      print(firstname, lastname, 'studies in', standard, 'Standard')  # 1 positional argument student('John')   # 3 positional arguments                          student('John', 'Gates', 'Seventh')       # 2 positional arguments   student('John', 'Gates')                   student('John', 'Seventh')

Output:

John Mark studies in Fifth Standard
John Gates studies in Seventh Standard
John Gates studies in Fifth Standard
John Seventh studies in Fifth Standard

In the first call, there is only one required argument and the rest arguments use the default values. In the second call, lastname and standard arguments value is replaced from default value to new passing value. We can see the order of arguments is important from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th calls of the function.

Example #2: Calling functions with keyword arguments

Python

def student(firstname, lastname ='Mark', standard ='Fifth'):      print(firstname, lastname, 'studies in', standard, 'Standard')  # 1 keyword argument student(firstname ='John')       # 2 keyword arguments                  student(firstname ='John', standard ='Seventh')    # 2 keyword arguments  student(lastname ='Gates', firstname ='John')

Output:

John Mark studies in Fifth Standard
John Mark studies in Seventh Standard
John Gates studies in Fifth Standard

In the first call, there is only one required keyword argument. In the second call, one is a required argument and one is optional(standard), whose value gets replaced from default to a new passing value. In the third call, we can see that order in keyword argument is not important.

Example #3: Some Invalid function calls

Python

def student(firstname, lastname ='Mark', standard ='Fifth'):      print(firstname, lastname, 'studies in', standard, 'Standard')  # required argument missing student()                  # non keyword argument after a keyword argument               student(firstname ='John', 'Seventh')   # unknown keyword argument  student(subject ='Maths')

The above code will throw an error because:

In the first call, value is not passed for parameter firstname which is the required parameter.
In the second call, there is a non-keyword argument after a keyword argument.
In the third call, the passing keyword argument is not matched with the actual keyword name arguments.

Using mutable objects as default argument values in python

This must be done very carefully. The reason is the default values of the arguments are evaluated only once when the control reaches the function

Definition for the first time. After that, the same values(or mutable objects) are referenced in the subsequent function calls.
Things will be much more clear with the example

Python

# mutable default argument values example using python list  # itemName is the name of the item that we want to add to list # that is being passed, or if it is not passed then appending in  # the default list  def appendItem(itemName, itemList = []):     itemList.append(itemName)     return itemList   print(appendItem('notebook')) print(appendItem('pencil')) print(appendItem('eraser'))

Output

['notebook'] ['notebook', 'pencil'] ['notebook', 'pencil', 'eraser']

What you have expected if you assume that a new list is created in each function call when we don’t pass a list to it

[‘notebook’]

[‘pencil’]

[‘eraser’]

But as you can see in the actual output of the program every time the function is called, the same list is used, no new list is made on a new call.

Example using dictionary

Python

# mutable default argument values example using python dictionary  # itemName is the name of item and quantity is the number of such # items are there   def addItemToDictionary(itemName, quantity, itemList = {}):     itemList[itemName] = quantity     return itemList   print(addItemToDictionary('notebook', 4)) print(addItemToDictionary('pencil', 1)) print(addItemToDictionary('eraser', 1))

Output

{'notebook': 4} {'notebook': 4, 'pencil': 1} {'notebook': 4, 'pencil': 1, 'eraser': 1}

What you have expected if you assume that a new dictionary is created in each function call

{‘notebook’: 4}

{‘pencil’: 1}

{‘eraser’: 1}

But you can clearly see the actual output of the program is different and it indicates the use of the same dictionary in each subsequent call.

The key takeaway here is we should avoid such scenarios.

Best Practices

Assign the default value as none and then check in the function if the expected list or dictionary argument is none or not.

If it is none then assign it with a list or dictionary depending on your requirement.

Python

# using None as values of the default arguments  print('#list') def appendItem(itemName, itemList=None):     if itemList == None:           itemList = []     itemList.append(itemName)     return itemList   print(appendItem('notebook')) print(appendItem('pencil')) print(appendItem('eraser'))   # using None as value of default parameter  print('\n\n#dictionary') def addItemToDictionary(itemName, quantity, itemList = None):     if itemList == None:         itemList = {}     itemList[itemName] = quantity     return itemList   print(addItemToDictionary('notebook', 4)) print(addItemToDictionary('pencil', 1)) print(addItemToDictionary('eraser', 1))

Output

#list ['notebook'] ['pencil'] ['eraser']   #dictionary {'notebook': 4} {'pencil': 1} {'eraser': 1}

Here you can clearly see that every time a function is called and a list or dictionary is not passed as an argument to the function then it creates a new list or dictionary.

Passing function as an argument in Python

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