Functional Dependency and Attribute Closure Last Updated : 12 Jun, 2025 Comments Improve Suggest changes Like Article Like Report Functional dependency and attribute closure are essential for maintaining data integrity and building effective, organized, and normalized databases.Functional DependencyA functional dependency A->B in a relation holds if two tuples having the same value of attribute A must have the same value for attribute B. For Example, in relation to STUDENT shown in Table 1, Functional DependenciesSTUD_NO -> STUD_NAME and STUD_NO -> STUD_PHONE holdNote : A STUD_NO uniquely identifies a STUD_NAME and STUD_PHONEbut STUD_NAME->STUD_STATE does not holdNote : Two students can have same name (Like RAM in the below table) and hence same stateStudent TableHow to find Functional Dependencies for a Relation?Functional Dependencies in a relation are dependent on the domain of the relation. Consider the STUDENT relation given in Table 1. We know that STUD_NO is unique for each student. So STUD_NO->STUD_NAME, STUD_NO->STUD_PHONE, STUD_NO->STUD_STATE, STUD_NO->STUD_COUNTRY and STUD_NO -> STUD_AGE all will be true.Similarly, STUD_STATE->STUD_COUNTRY will be true as if two records have same STUD_STATE, they will have same STUD_COUNTRY as well.For relation STUDENT_COURSE, COURSE_NO->COURSE_NAME will be true as two records with same COURSE_NO will have same COURSE_NAME.Important Points About Functional DependenciesEnsure data consistency and integrity across the database.Simplify data operations like addition, editing, and deletion.Identifying dependencies can be complex for large databases.Overly restrictive dependencies may slow queries or cause inconsistencies.Functional Dependency SetFunctional Dependency set or FD set of a relation is the set of all FDs present in the relation. For Example, FD set for relation STUDENT shown in table 1 is: { STUD_NO->STUD_NAME, STUD_NO->STUD_PHONE, STUD_NO->STUD_STATE, STUD_NO->STUD_COUNTRY, STUD_NO -> STUD_AGE, STUD_STATE->STUD_COUNTRY }Attribute ClosureAttribute closure of an attribute set can be defined as set of attributes which can be functionally determined from it.How to find attribute closure of an attribute set?To find attribute closure of an attribute set: Add elements of attribute set to the result set.Recursively add elements to the result set which can be functionally determined from the elements of the result set.Using FD set of table 1, attribute closure can be determined as: (STUD_NO)+ = {STUD_NO, STUD_NAME, STUD_PHONE, STUD_STATE, STUD_COUNTRY, STUD_AGE}(STUD_STATE)+ = {STUD_STATE, STUD_COUNTRY}Important Points About Attribute ClosureHelps to identify all possible attributes that can be derived from a set of given attributes.Helps in database design by showing how attributes and tables are related, which can improve query performance.Can be computationally expensive, especially for large datasets.Become complex to manage as the number of attributes and tables increases.How to Find Candidate Keys and Super Keys Using Attribute Closure?If attribute closure of an attribute set contains all attributes of relation, the attribute set will be super key of the relation.If no subset of this attribute set can functionally determine all attributes of the relation, the set will be candidate key as well. For Example, using FD set of table 1(STUD_NO, STUD_NAME)+ = {STUD_NO, STUD_NAME, STUD_PHONE, STUD_STATE, STUD_COUNTRY, STUD_AGE} (STUD_NO)+ = {STUD_NO, STUD_NAME, STUD_PHONE, STUD_STATE, STUD_COUNTRY, STUD_AGE} (STUD_NO, STUD_NAME) will be super key but not candidate key because its subset (STUD_NO)+ is equal to all attributes of the relation. So, STUD_NO will be a candidate key. Prime and Non-Prime AttributesAttributes which are parts of any candidate key of relation are called as prime attribute, others are non-prime attributes. For Example, STUD_NO in STUDENT relation is prime attribute, others are non-prime attribute. GATE QuestionsQ.1: Consider the relation scheme R = {E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N} and the set of functional dependencies {{E, F} -> {G}, {F} -> {I, J}, {E, H} -> {K, L}, K -> {M}, L -> {N} on R. What is the key for R? (GATE-CS-2014) A. {E, F} B. {E, F, H} C. {E, F, H, K, L} D. {E} Solution: Finding attribute closure of all given options, we get: {E,F}+ = {EFGIJ} {E,F,H}+ = {EFHGIJKLMN} {E,F,H,K,L}+ = {{EFHGIJKLMN} {E}+ = {E} {EFH}+ and {EFHKL}+ results in set of all attributes, but EFH is minimal. So it will be candidate key. So correct option is (B). Q.2: How to check whether an FD can be derived from a given FD set?Solution:To check whether an FD A->B can be derived from an FD set F, Find (A)+ using FD set F.If B is subset of (A)+, then A->B is true else not true.Q.3: In a schema with attributes A, B, C, D and E following set of functional dependencies are given {A -> B, A -> C, CD -> E, B -> D, E -> A} Which of the following functional dependencies is NOT implied by the above set? (GATE IT 2005) A. CD -> AC B. BD -> CD C. BC -> CD D. AC -> BC Solution:Using FD set given in question, (CD)+ = {CDEAB} which means CD -> AC also holds true. (BD)+ = {BD} which means BD -> CD can't hold true. So this FD is no implied in FD set. So (B) is the required option. Others can be checked in the same way. Q.4: Consider a relation scheme R = (A, B, C, D, E, H) on which the following functional dependencies hold: {A–>B, BC–> D, E–>C, D–>A}. What are the candidate keys of R? [GATE 2005] (a) AE, BE (b) AE, BE, DE (c) AEH, BEH, BCH (d) AEH, BEH, DEH Solution:(AE)+ = {ABECD} which is not set of all attributes. So AE is not a candidate key. Hence option A and B are wrong. (AEH)+ = {ABCDEH} (BEH)+ = {BEHCDA} (BCH)+ = {BCHDA} which is not set of all attributes. So BCH is not a candidate key. Hence option C is wrong. So correct answer is D. Comment More infoAdvertise with us Next Article Armstrong's Axioms in Functional Dependency in DBMS S Sonal Tuteja Improve Article Tags : Computer Subject DBMS Similar Reads DBMS Tutorial – Learn Database Management System Database Management System (DBMS) is a software used to manage data from a database. 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Write a Query to find the Repeated rowNameSectionabcCS1bcdCS2abcCS1In the above table, we can find duplicate rows using the below query.SELECT name, section FROM 5 min read Like