CSS calc() Function

Last Updated : 30 Aug, 2024

The calc() function is an inbuilt CSS function used to perform calculations to determine CSS property values dynamically. This function allows combining different units, such as percentages and pixels, using basic arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. This article explores the syntax, usage, and benefits of the calc() function, demonstrating its practical applications through examples to help you enhance your web design flexibility and efficiency.

Syntax:

calc( Expression )

Parameters: This function accepts single parameter Expression which is mandatory. This parameter contains mathematical expressions which need to implement. The operators used by this parameters are: +, -, *, /

Example: The below program illustrates the calc() function in CSS:

html

<!DOCTYPE html> <html>  <head>     <title>calc function</title>     <style>         .geeks {             position: absolute;             left: 50px;             width: calc(100% - 20%);             height: calc(500px - 300px);             background-color: green;             padding-top: 30px;             text-align: center;         }                  .gfg {             font-size: 40px;             font-weight: bold;             color: white         }                  h1 {             color: white;         }     </style> </head>  <body>     <div class="geeks">         <div class="gfg">GeeksforGeeks</div>         <h1>The calc() Function</h1>     </div> </body>  </html>

Output:

Understanding the working of the calc() function in CSS:

The calc() function in CSS does calculations based on the values of their parent element or the values provided by the user during the calculation.

Let’s understand the work in more depth using some examples:

Example 1: This example shows the working of the calc() function in CSS.

HTML

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en">  <head>     <meta charset="UTF-8">     <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible"            content="IE=edge">     <meta name="viewport"            content="width=device-width, initial-scale=">     <title>Calc Function</title>     <style>         .parent{             background-color: skyblue;                    }         .heading {                      left: 30px;             width: calc(50% - 100px);             height: 100px;             background-color: #579dcf;             padding-top: 20px;             text-align: center;         }                  h2 {             color: #e9e8e9;         }     </style> </head>  <body>     <br>     <div class="parent">         <div class="heading">             <h2>                Welcome to GEEKSFORGEEKS.               </h2>         </div>     </div> </body>  </html>

In the above code example, the calc() function is used to give the width value to the heading. Here , we have used the value of the parent which is set to 100% of the screen width by default. The calc(50% – 100px) means that the width of the heading will be equal to “50% of the width of the parent – 100 px”. Thus , we here use the calc() function with both the value from parent and a constant value.

Here is the output of the code:

Example 2: This example shows the working of the calc() function in CSS.

HTML

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en">  <head>     <meta charset="UTF-8">     <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible"            content="IE=edge">     <meta name="viewport"            content="width=device-width, initial-scale=">     <title>Calc Function</title>     <style>         .parent{             background-color: skyblue;             width: calc(80% - 2em);         }         .heading {                      left: 30px;             width: calc(50% - 100px);             height: 100px;             background-color: #579dcf;             padding-top: 20px;             text-align: center;         }                  h2 {             color: #e9e8e9;         }     </style> </head>  <body>     <br>     <div class="parent">         <div class="heading">             <h2>                Welcome to GEEKSFORGEEKS.               </h2>         </div>     </div> </body>  </html>

In the above code example, we have used the calc() function twice. First, using the calc() function we have defined the value of the parent div. Then, using the value of the parent div element and using the calc() function, we define the value of the heading div element. Thus, it is clear that calc() function present in the parent element can access the value produced by the child calc() function.

Here is the output of the code:

The calc() function in CSS provides a flexible way to perform dynamic calculations directly within your stylesheets. By leveraging this function, developers can create more responsive and adaptive layouts, seamlessly combining different units and values. Understanding and utilizing the calc() function can significantly improve the efficiency and maintainability of your CSS, leading to more sophisticated and adaptable web designs.

Supported Browser:

Google Chrome
Edge
Firefox
Opera
Safari

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CSS calc() Function

Here is the output of the code:

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