Controlled vs Uncontrolled Components in ReactJS
Last Updated : 17 May, 2025
Controlled components in React are the components whose state and behaviors are managed by React components using states while the uncontrolled components manage their own state and control their behaviors with the help of DOM.
In this article, we will explore the key differences between controlled and uncontrolled components in ReactJS, and how to decide which approach will best suit your project's need.
Difference Between Controlled and Uncontrolled Components
Here is a detailed comparison of Controlled and Uncontrolled Components based on various features
| Feature | Controlled Components | Uncontrolled Components |
|---|
| State Management | React state manages the input value | DOM manages the input value |
| Data Flow | React → DOM (via props/state) | DOM → React (via refs) |
| Value Binding | Input value bound to state (value prop) | Input value uncontrolled by React |
| Event Handling | onChange updates state on every change | Access value on demand via ref |
| Form Validation | Easy to validate on each keystroke | Validation done on submit or on demand |
| Complexity | More code (state + handlers required) | Less code, simpler for quick forms |
| Performance | More re-renders due to state updates | Fewer re-renders, potentially better performance |
| Use Cases | Complex forms with real-time validation | Simple forms or when instant control isn’t needed |
| Synchronization | Easy to sync with other UI elements | Difficult to keep in sync without extra work |
What are Controlled Components?
A controlled component in React is an element whose state is controlled by React itself. This means that the component's state is stored in a React component's state and can only be updated by triggering a state change via React’s setState() method.
Features of Controlled
- State Management: Form data is handled by the component's state using React's useState hook or this.state in class components.
- Data Flow: The input elements' values are set by the state, and any changes are reflected through state updates.
- Predictability: Since the state is managed by React, the component's behavior is predictable and consistent.
- Real-Time Validation: Enables immediate validation and formatting of user input.
- Single Source of Truth: The state serves as the single source of truth for the form data.
What are Uncontrolled Components?
An uncontrolled component in React refers to a component where the form element's state is not directly controlled by React. Instead, the form element itself maintains its own state, and React only interacts with the element indirectly through references (refs).
Features of Uncontrolled Components
- DOM-Managed State: Form data is handled by the DOM itself, not by React state.
- Use of Refs: Access to form values is achieved using React's useRef() or createRef() to reference DOM elements directly.
- No State Management: Eliminates the need for state variables and event handlers for each input field.
- Simpler Implementation: Suitable for simple forms or when integrating with non-React libraries that manipulate the DOM directly.
- Less Predictable: Since the component's state is not synchronized with React, it can lead to less predictable behavior.
- Manual Validation: Validation and formatting need to be handled manually, often during form submission.
Key Differences Between Controlled and Uncontrolled Components
- State Management:
- Controlled: Uses React state as the source of truth.
- Uncontrolled: Uses the DOM to maintain internal state.
- Data Flow:
- Controlled: Data flows from React state to input.
- Uncontrolled: Data flows from the input to React only when accessed via refs.
- Validation and Formatting:
- Controlled: Can validate or format input in real-time.
- Uncontrolled: Validation usually occurs on form submission.
- Complexity:
- Controlled: Requires more boilerplate (state and handlers).
- Uncontrolled: Simpler and quicker to implement for basic cases.
- Performance:
- Controlled: May cause more re-renders, as each keystroke updates state.
- Uncontrolled: Potentially better for large forms or infrequent value access.
- Use Cases:
- Controlled: Complex forms, instant feedback, dynamic UI.
- Uncontrolled: Simple forms, legacy code, quick prototypes.
Conclusion
Controlled components use React state for form handling, offering better control and updates, but with re-renderoverhead. Uncontrolled components rely on the DOM for state management, offering simplicity and performance for basic forms but with less control. Choose based on complexity and performance needs.
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