Nationalism in India Class 10 Notes is about the concept of Nationalism during the Indian Independence Movement, which was fought against the colonial British Raj. In this chapter, we will study some important changes in the 1920s and movements like the Non-Cooperation movement and Civil Disobedience Movements. The Nationalism in India CBSE class 10 History chapter 2 notes will seek to develop an understanding of how the different social groups participated in the movement.
For easy access to the students, we have tried to compile CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes which consist of the four subjects: Geography, History, Political Science, and Economics, in a single source. Students are advised to go through the entire article to learn more about Nationalism in India.
Nationalism in India Class 10 History Chapter 2 Notes
The History notes for Chapter 2 Nationalism in India for class 10 CBSE is provided here. They contain all the relevant information per the most recent CBSE Syllabus. To get all the history chapters in a single place, you can visit Class 10 History Notes.
Board | CBSE |
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Textbook | NCERT Textbook |
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Class | Class 10 |
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Subject | Social Science Class 10 Notes |
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Chapter | Chapter 2 |
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Chapter Name | Nationalism in India |
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Category | NCERT Social Science notes |
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Indian National MovementWhat is Nationalism in India?
Nationalism refers to an idea that nurtures the needs of a certain nation with the intention of sustenance of self-governance over its motherland. Nationalism in India evolved as a notion during the time of the Indian independence movement that pushed for independence from the British. Despite the diversity in their religious, cultural, and religious backgrounds, Indian people felt and spread the idea of nationalism.
Nationalism Movements on Indian Map
Nationalism in India MapMahatma Gandhi's Role in Nationalism
Mahatma Gandhi played an important role in Nationalism in India. Due to the process of colonialism, each Indian came to be a Britsh prisoner and many movements were stated by Gandhiji for freedom of Indians from the British rule, starting with the non-cooperation movement. Satyagraha denotes "Agitation for Truth" and organised the Champaran Satyagraha first, followed by Kheda and Ahmedabad Mill Strike.
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
Nationalism in India Class 10 Notes described the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, which took place on 13th April in 1919, in Amritsar. The British Government passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919, which gave them power to control any political activity and for detention of political prisoners without trial for 2 years. On 13th April 1919, Baisakhi fair was held at Jallianwala Bagh, attended by several villagers and martial law was passed.
General Dyer blocked the entry and exit points of the Bagh and opened fired on the civilians, killing many. This enraged the Indians and there were riots and attacks on government structures, due to which Gandhi had to end the satyagraha movement, due to complete chaoes.
The First World War, Khilafat, and Non-Cooperation
The growth of Nationalism in India is connected to the anti-colonial movement. The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi was responsible for forming shared bonds among people, around the idea of colonialism. The First World War created a scenario of new economic as well as political situations in the years which followed after 1919.
Nationalism in India class 10 notes described custom duties came to be doubled between 1913 and 1918, and income tax came to be introduced. This led to a difficult life among the common people. Between the years 1918-1919, crops failed in India, which resulted in food shortages, accompanied by an influenza epidemic. In this situation of crisis, a new leader emerged and led to a new mode of struggle.
Mahatma Gandhi and the Idea of Satyagraha
It is mentioned in the Nationalism in India class 10 notes, Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915, from South Africa and started a movement known as Satyagraha. The objectives of Satyagraha were an emphasis on the power of truth and also the need to search for truth. Mahatma Gandhi was of the ideology that battles can be won in a non-violent way and unite all Indians.
In the year 1917, Gandhi also traveled to Champaran situated in Bihar, for inspiring the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system. Following, in the same year he organized satyagraha to support the peasants of Kheda in Gujarat, and in 1918, he went to Ahmedabad to organize satyagraha among the cotton mill workers there.
The Rowlatt Act
In the year 1919, Mahatma Gandhi launched a movement nationwide which was against the Rowlatt Act which was proposed; as the Rowlatt Act gave the government numerous powers to repress political activities well allowed for the detention of political prisoners without trial for about 2 years. On 10th April, the police of Amritsar fired on a peaceful procession, which led to numerous attacks on the banks, post offices, and also railway stations. It is mentioned in the Nationalism in India class 10 notes, Martial laws came to be imposed and General Dyre came in front and took action.
The Khilafat issue was then taken up by Mahatma Gandhi which included bringing Hindus and Muslims together. The First World War came to an end with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey and in 1919, the Khilafat committee was formed in Bombay. In September of 1920, Gandhiji convinced the other leaders of the need of starting a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj.
The Poona Pact
PoonaPact refers to the agreement between M K Gandhi and B R Ambedkar which was signed in the Yerwada Central Jail on 24th September 1932 in Poona, for depressed class for reservation for electoral seats in the Legislature of the British Government.
Why Non- Cooperation?
It is mentioned in the Nationalism in India class 10 notes that British rule was established in India because of the cooperation of Indians according to Mahatma Gandhi. The non-cooperation movement took place in stages and began with the surrendering of the titles that the government awarded and also a boycott of civil services, the army, police, courts, and also other legislative councils, foreign goods, and schools. After many campaigns between supporters and opponents, in December 1920, the Non-Cooperation movement came to be adopted.
Different Strands Within the Movement
The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement began in the year January 1921. Nationalism in India class 10 notes mentions that various groups participated in the movement, but the terms meant different things for different groups of people.
The Movement in the Towns
In the towns, the middle class started the movement, and thousands of teachers, students, and headmasters left most of the government-controlled schools and colleges, and lawyers gave up practicing. On the economic front, the effects of the non-cooperation were many.
It is mentioned in the Nationalism in India class 10 notes that the production from Indian textile mills expanded after the boycotting of foreign goods started. The movement came to be slowed down because Khadi clothes were expensive, less Indian institutions for students as well as teachers to choose from; so they went back to normal forms of earnings.
Rebellion in the Countryside
The non-cooperation movement also spread to the countryside, where peasants as well as tribal people were developing in different parts of India. A peasant movement was started against the talukdars and landlords, who demanded huge rent and other dues. Peasants demanded a reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and also a social boycott of the oppressions done by the landlords.
It is mentioned in the Nationalism in India class 10 notes that Jawaharlal Nehru set up along with a few others Oudh Kisan Sabha and within a month, 300 branches were set up in 1921, the peasant movement came to be spread and the houses of talukdars and merchants came to be attacked, bazaars were looted and grain boards were taken.
The militant Guerrilla movement was started and spread to the Gudem hills in Andhra Pradesh and the government also started closing forest areas due to which their livelihood came to be affected. Hill people revolted, led by Alluri Sitaram Raju who claimed to have some superpowers.
Swaraj in the Plantations
Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not allowed to leave the plantation gardens without permission and after they heard of the non-cooperation movements, thousands came to leave the plantations without permission and headed back home. For the plantation workers of Assam, freedom meant moving freely and retaining links with the village they came from.
Towards Civil Disobedience
It is mentioned in the Nationalism in India class 10 notes that the non-cooperation movement was withdrawn in 1922 because Mahatma Gandhi felt that the movement was turning violent. Swaraj Party was formed by CR Das and Motilal Nehru. In the late 1920s, Indian politics was shaped by two factors. First was the worldwide economic depression and second, was falling agricultural prices.
In 1928, Simon Commission arrived in India and was greeted with "Go back, Simon". In 1929, under Jawaharlal Nehru's Presidency, Lahore Congress came to formalize the demand for "Purna Swaraj" or for the full independence of India, and in 26 January 1930 was declared to be celebrated as Independence Day.
The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement
A letter was sent to the Viceroy Irwin by Mahatma Gandhi on 31 January 1930, stating eleven demands. The most stirring of all the demands was that of the abolition of the salt tax, which was consumed by both rich as well as poor. They stated that the demands have to be fulfilled by 11 March, otherwise, Congress will start the civil disobedience campaign.
The famous salt march was started by Mahatma Gandhi accompanied by 76 of his trusted followers from Sabarmati to Dandi. On the 6th of April, they reached Dandi, and violated the law, by manufacturing soil and marking the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement. In different parts of India, the salt law was broken, and foreign clothes were boycotted, peasants refused to pay revenue, forest laws were violated.
With the horrific incidents, Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off the movement and entered a pact with Irwin on 5th March 1931, which came to be known as Gandhi-Irwin Pact, with which Gandhiji consented to participate in Round Table Conference in London. It is mentioned in the Nationalism in India class 10 notes that the conference didn't work out, Mahatma Gandhi relaunched Civil Disobedience Movement and continued for a year but by 1934 it lost momentum.
How Participants Saw the Movement?
Some active groups in the movement included the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh who became ardent supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement and were disappointed when the movement was called off in the year 1931. Poorer sections of the society like peasants, also participated in the radical movements, mostly led by Socialists and Communists.
The business interests of the society were organized into the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries in 1927 and the Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1927. It is mentioned in the Nationalism in India class 10 History notes that they attacked colonial control of the economy and supported Civil Disobedience when launched first. In 1930 and also 1932, railways workers along with dock workers were also on strike.
The Limits of Civil Disobedience
Nationalism in India class 10 History notes describe that Dalits were not influenced by the idea of Swaraj. Mahatma Gandhi did organize satyagraha for the untouchables but they were more interested in different political solutions to the problems associated with the community and demanded reservation of seats in the educational sector and also for a separate electorate.
The Dalits were organized into Depressed Classes Association in 1930 by B.R. Ambedkar and clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demand of separate electorates for the Dalits. Poona Pact of 1932, gave Depressed Classes reservations for seats in provincial and also central legislative councils, and after the decline of Non-Cooperation and the Khilafat movement, Muslims felt a little alienated from the urges of Congress due to the worsening of relations between Muslims and Hindus.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was ready for giving up on his idea of a separate electorate, if there would be an assurance of reserved seats for Muslims in the Central Assembly and also representation in proportion to Muslim-dominated provinces. However, in 1928, at the All Parties Conference 1928, M.R.Jayakar of Hindu Mahasabha came to oppose such efforts.
Nationalism in India: Sense of Collective Belonging
When people start to believe that they belong to a single nation, nationalism starts to spread, which is known as the sense of collective belonging. This is possible with the help of history, fiction, folklore, songs, popular prints, and also symbols that became part of Nationalism in India.
By the twentieth century, India came to be identified with the image of Bharat Mata, created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, who wrote "Vande Mataram" as a hymn of the motherland. The famous image of Bharat Mata was created by Abanindranath Tagore, as an ascetic figure, who was calm, composed, and spiritual. From the 19th century, nationalists began to record folk tales sung by bards. They traveled throughout different villages singing folk songs and legends.
Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolor flag was designed which had eight lotuses that represented eight provinces under British, a crescent moon which represented the Hindus and also Muslims. Gandhiji in the year 1921, designed the Swaraj flag, a tricolor and a spinning wheel in the center, which represented Gandhiji's idea of what is known as self-help.
Conclusion on Nationalism in India
Various groups and classes of Indians came together in the struggle for independence and under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, attempted to resolve the differences and ensure for demands of any one group without neglecting the other. Nationalism in India class 10 History notes describes that there were various ideas and voices emerging who wanted freedom from the rule of colonial rule.
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