Coal And Petroleum NCERT Class-8 Revision Notes Last Updated : 03 Apr, 2024 Comments Improve Suggest changes Like Article Like Report Coal and Petroleum are the major nonrenewable natural resources that were formed millions of years ago from the dead remains of the living species. Coal is a solid fuel that is mainly formed from dead plant matter over millions of years. It is generally used for cooking, producing electricity, and fueling different industries. On the other side, Petroleum is a dark oily liquid that was formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms on the Earth. Today petroleum is widely used for vehicles, to produce heat and electricity. In this article, we are going to discuss Coal And Petroleum with its types and functions in detail. Table of Content Definition Of CoalDifferent Types Of Coal Different Byproducts Of Coal Definition Of PetroleumDifferent Types Of PetroleumDifferent Byproducts Of PetroleumHow is Coal formed?How is Petroleum formed?Definition Of CoalCoal is a type of fossil fuel that has been used for cooking food, produce steam to run railway engines, generating the electricity in power plants, and to run different industries. When the Coal is processed in industry, we can get some useful products like coke, coal tar and coal gas. Coal consists the hydrogen, carbon and oxygen and sulphur (small amount). Different Types Of Coal There are four major types of coal like anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite. This classification depends on the types and amounts of carbon present in that coal. The carbon is the major component that produces the heat energy when it burns. Coal TypeDescriptionUseAnthraciteShiny and tough coal with lots of carbonHeating homes, making things in factoriesBituminousVery common coal used to make electricityGenerating power, making things in factoriesSubbituminousCoal with less carbon than bituminous coalMaking electricity, making things in factoriesLigniteVery soft coal with low energyMaking electricity, making things in factoriesDifferent Byproducts Of Coal When the Coal is processed in industry, we can get some useful products like coke, coal tar and coal gas as mentioned below. Byproduct Of Coal Description Use CokeSolid fuel made by heating coal in the absence of airUsed in manufacturing processes such as steel productionCoal tarDark liquid produced during coal distillationUsed in making medicines, chemicals, and roofing materialsCoal gasMixture of gases produced by heating coalMajorly used for lighting and heating, now limited useIntresting Facts:Coal gas was used for street lighting for the first time in London in 1810 and in New York around 1820. Definition Of PetroleumPetroleum is a natural fossil fuel that is a complex mixture of hydrocarbon compounds. Petrol and diesel well known fossil fuel those are obtained from a natural resource called petroleum. Different Types Of PetroleumThere are two major types of Petroleum including asphalt, bitumen, crude oil, and natural gas as mentioned below. Type Of PetroleumDescriptionUseAsphaltThick, sticky form of natural oilUsed to make roads, roofs, and waterproofingBitumenThick, black mixture from natural sourcesUsed for roads, waterproofing, and roofsCrude oilBasic oil found underground before processingTurned into different fuels, chemicals, etc.Natural gasColorless, odorless gas found undergroundUsed for heating, cooking, and electricityDifferent Byproducts Of PetroleumWhen the Petroleum is processed in industry, we can get some useful fuel products as mentioned below. FuelDescriptionMain SourceLiquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)Mix of gases from crude oil distillationRefining crude oilNatural GasA type of gas from petroleumPetroleum sourcesDieselFuel for vehicles, different types for cars and off-road vehiclesRefined petroleumFuel OilFlammable liquid from refining petroleumBy-product of refining petroleumPetrol (Gasoline)Fuel for cars, made from petroleumProcessing petroleumJet FuelFuel for planesDerived from refining petroleumGasolineFuel for engines, made from petroleumDistillation of crude oilIntresting Facts:The first oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania, USA, in 1859. In India, oil is also found in Assam, Gujarat, Mumbai High, and the river basins of Godavari and Krishna.How is Coal formed?Here is the process how coal is formed: Coal is created from dead plants over millions of years.It is majorly made of carbon and forms through carbonization.Coal is extracted from mines.How is Petroleum formed?Here is the process how petroleum is formed: When marine creatures die, they sink to the ocean floor and get covered by layers of sand and mud over time.Over millions of years, these remains change into petroleum because of heat, pressure, and no air.Also Read: Coal and Petroleum What are Fossil Fuels? Real Life Applications of Coal How to conserve Coal and Petroleum? Highlight the Importance of Petroleum Products of Coal: Coke, Coal Tar and Coal Gas Comment More infoAdvertise with us Next Article What is Natural Gas? Some Natural Resources Are Limited - Class 8 Notes D dasrudra0710 Follow Improve Article Tags : Chemistry Science Class 8 Notes Similar Reads CBSE Class 8 Science Notes 2023-24 CBSE Class 8 Science Notes 2023-24 is a comprehensive guide for CBSE Class 8 students. The Class 8 syllabus is designed to provide students with a strong foundation in the basic principles of science, including Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, and to encourage them to think scientifically. Our CBSE 15+ min read Chapter 1 - Crop Production and ManagementAgricultural Practices - Planting, Irrigation, Weeding, Harvesting, StorageThe number of inhabitants in India generally relies upon farming, and it isn't just barely a method for work yet an approach to everyday life. The Government of India is consistently fostering the rural area by outlining new regulations, executing current innovations, and so on. In India, the Whole 9 min read Basic Practices of Crop ProductionBasic practice of crop production involves several key steps and considerations to ensure successful cultivation.  Crops are plants that are grown on a large scale from the same variety. Agriculture is the practice of cultivating crops. The basic practice of crop production involves selecting suitab 10 min read Preparation of SoilSoil is a critical natural resource. Soil is the earth's thin surface layer composed of mineral particles formed by the breakdown (weathering) of rocks, decayed organic materials, living organisms, water, and air. Soil formation occurs through a variety of processes, including weathering of rocks an 6 min read Agricultural Implements and ToolsCrops are plants that are grown and harvested by farmers for profit or subsistence. Crops are essential for the survival of both animals and humans. Agriculture is the branch of science that deals with the study of crop cultivation and cattle rearing. Crops are harvested and used as food for humans 8 min read Sowing - Definition and Methods of Planting SeedsAround 70 - 80 percent of the total populace rehearses agribusiness. There are sure boundaries and different rural practices, which should have been followed for good quality and amount of harvest creation. Crops are plants developed by ranchers. Horticulture assumes a vital part of the Indian econo 7 min read Irrigation - Definition, Types, Methods, SignificanceHorticulture is the science, which primarily manages the assorted cycles or the strategies utilized for developing various assortments of plants and animals cultivating or creature farming based on human prerequisites. At the point when plants of a similar assortment are developed for a huge scope, 7 min read Crop Protection and WeedingCrop protection is a generic strategy or technique for defending crop yields against a variety of species, such as pests, weeds, plant diseases, and other creatures that harm crops. In addition to weeds, tiny creatures like rodents, mites, insects, pests, disease-causing diseases, and regularlyattac 5 min read HarvestingHarvesting of crops involves the process of gathering mature crops from the fields. It is a critical step in agriculture that ensures the crops are collected at their peak quality and stored properly to prevent spoilage and loss. The process can be done by either harvesting machines or by skilled wo 6 min read Storage of Grains - Overview, Importance, Affecting FactorsMan has been storing grains and other products for a long time. It is ever worry for man to hold food supply to mitigate hunger in the time ahead. Storage of grain and control of quality happen in three areas; the farm area, the collection point area, and the terminal point area where grain is proce 14 min read Food Sources - Food from Plants and AnimalsFood sources are broadly categorized into plant-based and animal-based origins. Plant-based foods include fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, providing essential nutrients such as vitamins, fiber, and antioxidants. Animal-based foods encompass meat, fish, dairy products, and eggs, 11 min read Animal Husbandry - Types and AdvantagesAgriculture is a branch of science that primarily focuses on the many procedures or techniques used to raise various plant species and care for animals' human needs. In India, agriculture is practised by over 70% of the people. To ensure maximum output in the fields, crop production and management a 5 min read NCERT Notes Class 8 Science Chapter - 1: Crop Production and ManagementNCERT Notes for Class 8 Science Chapter 1: Crop Production and Management: Crop production and management is a crucial aspect of agriculture. It involves the methods and techniques used to cultivate crops and ensure their proper growth, to obtain maximum yield. The process of crop production and man 12 min read Chapter 2 - Microorganisms: Friend and FoeWhere do Microorganisms Live?Microorganisms are cosmopolitan i.e. they are found everywhere. Microorganisms are present everywhere and they can survive in all types of environments. They are also present in the bodies of different animals and plants. Some microorganisms are useful for plants, animals, and humans, whereas others 6 min read Medicinal Use of Microorganisms - CBSE Class 8Medicinal Uses of Microorganisms include the production of antibiotics and vaccines, vitamins and minerals supplements, etc. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae play a vital role in medicines for humans, plants, and animals. Some microbes are harmful whereas some microbes are useful to 4 min read Increasing Soil Fertility and Cleaning the Environment - NCERTIf we look at the water droplets in a pond under a microscope, we will see many small round structures. These tiny creatures are known as microbes or microbes. They are all around us and are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Microorganisms are classified into four groups:Protozoa: Protozoa ar 3 min read Disease causing Microorganisms in Humans - Notes Class 8Disease-causing microorganisms in humans can be of different types such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, etc. They enter the bodies of humans, plants, and animals, where they find hosts to inhabit. They rely on the host for nutrition. They start to multiply inside the host or human body and af 6 min read Disease Causing By Microorganisms in Animals and in PlantsMicroorganisms are tiny living entities that cannot be observed with the naked eye. Some of these, called pathogens, have the potential to cause diseases. Depending on their nature, microorganisms can be either advantageous or detrimental to animals and plants. While some microbes assist in their gr 4 min read Food Preservation - Definition, Importance and MethodsFood preservation is a smart method that has been employed since ancient times. Food is an essential requirement for living beings to exist. But food items perish very quickly. Our ancestors used basic items like salt and sugar to preserve food. Modern times use chemical methods and preservatives to 6 min read Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrogen MetabolismNitrogen fixation is the process of converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3) or related compounds. This process is primarily carried out by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, either in symbiotic relationships with plants or free-living in the soil. Abiotic processes, like lightning and industr 5 min read Nitrogen CycleNitrogen cycle is the natural process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted into various usable forms, like ammonia and nitrates, by bacteria for plant and animal consumption and then returned to the atmosphere through decomposition and denitrification, maintaining the nutrient balance in ecosy 6 min read NCERT Notes Class 8 Science Chapter 2: Microorganisms: Friend and FoeNCERT Notes for Class 8 Science Chapter-2: Microorganisms: Friend and Foe: Organisms that can be seen only through a microscope are known as Microorganisms or Microbes. These microorganisms are so small in size that they cannot be seen with the unaided eye. Some of these, such as the fungus that gro 6 min read Chapter 3- Coal And PetroleumCoal And Petroleum NCERT Class-8 Revision NotesCoal and Petroleum are the major nonrenewable natural resources that were formed millions of years ago from the dead remains of the living species. Coal is a solid fuel that is mainly formed from dead plant matter over millions of years. It is generally used for cooking, producing electricity, and f 7 min read What is Natural Gas? Some Natural Resources Are Limited - Class 8 NotesNatural Gas, Coal, and Petroleum are the major nonrenewable natural resources. These resources were formed millions of years ago from the dead remains of the living species. Natural gas is a type of fossil fuel made of gases found in nature and the major component of the Natural Gas is methane. Natu 7 min read Chapter 4 - Combustion And FlameWhat is Combustion? and Types of Combustion - NCERT Class-8 NotesCombustion is a chemical process that involves the rapid reaction of a substance with oxygen, releasing heat and light. The substance that reacts is called the fuel, and the source of oxygen is called the oxidizer. The fuel can be a solid, liquid, or gas, but it is usually a liquid or gas. The oxidi 8 min read What is Flame and Structure of Flame - NCERT Class-8 NotesWhat is Flame and Structure of a Flame - NCERT Class-8 Notes: A flame is the visible part of a fire. It is a hot, glowing gas that produces light and heat. Flames are usually caused by a chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidizer. The fuel is typically a hydrocarbon, such as wood, gas, or oil. 7 min read What is a Fuel? and Effects of Burning Fuels - NCERT Class-8 NotesWhat is a Fuel? and Fuel Efficiency Burning of Fuels Leads to Harmful Products- Class 8 NCERT Revision Notes: Fuel is a substance that releases energy when burned. Fuels are used to power vehicles, generate electricity, and heat homes and businesses. There are many different types of fuels, includin 8 min read Chapter 5 - Conservation of Plants and AnimalsWhat are the Consequences of Deforestation?Deforestation involves the large-scale removal of forests, leading to habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity. It increases greenhouse gas emissions, contributing significantly to climate change. The removal of trees causes soil erosion and degrades soil fertility, impacting agriculture. It can 6 min read Conservation of Forest and WildlifeConservation of Forests and Wildlife is important as humans have vastly altered the Earth's flora and fauna. Wildlife contributes significantly to the stability of our environment by being directly or indirectly involved in natural processes. Each living organism is equally important in the food cha 9 min read Biosphere Reserve - Zones and Their ImportanceBiosphere Reserves are protected areas that aim to conserve the biodiversity of a particular region while promoting sustainable development. The biosphere reserve zones are the core area, buffer zone, and transition zone. There are 18 biosphere reserves in India. Examples of biosphere reserves in th 6 min read What is Flora and Fauna?Life in Temperate grasslands is described as having grasses as the prevailing vegetation. Trees and huge bushes are missing. Temperatures differ more from summer to winter, and how much precipitation is less in calm prairies Temperate grasslands have sweltering summers and cold winters. Precipitatio 4 min read Endemic Species - Characteristics, Types and ExamplesSpecies that are exclusive to one area and not found anywhere else in the world are known as endemic species. As an illustration, Polar bears are unique to polar regions and are not found anywhere else in the globe. When they were in captivity, people introduced them, which is why they have occasion 7 min read Wildlife SanctuaryThe wildlife sanctuary is a protected land area for the conservation and preservation of wildlife and their natural habitats. These areas are established to provide a protected environment, where various plant and animal species can thrive without any human disturbance. These wildlife sanctuaries ha 7 min read National ParkFor the conservation of plants and animals, there are widely available biospheres, sanctuaries, and national parks across the world. The biosphere is the area of the world where there are living things that can support life. The term "biosphere reserve" refers to a larger protected area that aims to 5 min read Migration in Animals, Birds, and FishesMigration, in biology, is the movement of animals from one location to another. Animals migrate looking for resources such as food, water, or favorable reproductive grounds. It is a common behavior seen in many species, including fish, birds, insects, and mammals. There are many types of migration l 6 min read NCERT Notes for Class 8 Recycling of PaperThe conservation of plants and animals is crucial, therefore taking care of the same can save our ecosystem and can make it more sustainable and healthier for further generations. Recycling paper is one of the useful ways to contribute to this cause. We find waste matters on a large scale, recycling 3 min read ReforestationWithout woods, life on Earth would not be possible. As the planet's lungs, the forests and oceans play a critical role in the fight against climate change by absorbing 20 billion tonnes of CO2 annually. The principal gas that causes the greenhouse effect and is mostly to blame for global warming is 10 min read Red Data BookRed Data Book, back in history between 1961 and 1964, came into existence due to a search conducted by a Russian biologist. It is a Russian-origin name of a publication that deals particularly with endangered biological species. It provides complete information from a research point of view of all t 6 min read NCERT Notes for Class 8 Science Chapter 5: Conservation of Plants and AnimalsNCERT Notes for Class 8 Science Chapter - 5: Conservation of Plants and Animals: Plants and animals play integral roles in sustaining life on Earth. They contribute to vital ecological processes such as pollination, nutrient cycling, and maintaining the overall health of ecosystems. However, human a 9 min read Chapter 6 - Reproduction In AnimalsEmbryo Development - Development Process of FetusBirth gives process to a child is known as reproduction. A species' survival depends on its ability to reproduce. There are two different ways to reproduce: Sexual reproduction is asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that occurs without the involvement of 2 parents. A 5 min read Difference Between Oviparous and Viviparous AnimalsThe animal world is flooded with a lot of diversity. One can easily see these differences by comparing two individuals of different phylum (or even in the case of orders) if we talk about Fertilization (The fusion of male and female gametes). We can see some marked differences. On a broad basis, Fer 4 min read NCERT Notes for Class 8 Science Chapter 6: Reproduction in AnimalsNCERT Notes for Class 8 Science Chapter - 6: Reproduction in Animals: Reproduction is essential for species to survive; it ensures their continued existence for many generations by passing on traits from one generation to the next.  Without it, individuals of similar genetic makeup would not continu 9 min read Chapter 7- Reaching The Age Of AdolescenceDifference Between Adolescence and PubertyUnderstanding the difference between adolescence and puberty is important for grasping human development. Adolescence refers to the transitional stage from childhood to adulthood, encompassing physical, psychological, and social changes. Puberty, a key aspect of adolescence, involves biological chan 6 min read Role of Hormones in Initiating Reproductive FunctionReaching adolescence is a critical stage of human development that brings significant physical and emotional changes. One of the most prominent changes that occur during this period is the activation of reproductive function, which is primarily regulated by hormones. Hormones are chemicals that act 7 min read How Reproduction is Happening in Humans?Humans are sexually reproducing organisms. They produce gametes containing genetic material that form the zygote and develop into offspring. The process of reproduction in humans includes the development of gametes (gametogenesis), which are sperm cells in males and egg cells in females, the transfe 7 min read HormonesGrowing up is a normal part of life. Adolescence is the stage of life when the body undergoes changes that lead to reproductive maturity. Around age 11, adolescence begins, and it lasts until 18 or 19. Adolescents are also referred to as 'teenagers' because this period encompasses the 'teens' (13 to 7 min read Role of Hormones in Completing the Life History of Insects and FrogsThe role of hormones in completing the life history of insects and frogs involves regulating developmental stages such as metamorphosis, growth, reproduction, and behaviour. The hormones are chemical messengers that play an important role in the life cycle of insects and frogs.In frogs, the hormone 7 min read Reaching The Age Of Adolescence - Reproductive HealthAdolescence, derived from the Latin adolescere, which means "to grow up," is a stage of physical and psychological human development that generally occurs between puberty and legal adulthood (age of majority). Adolescence is most closely associated with the adolescent years, though its physical, psy 10 min read NCERT Notes Science for Class 8 Chapter - 7: Reaching The Age of AdolescenceNCERT Notes for Class 8 Science Chapter - 7: Reaching The Age of Adolescence: Growing up is a natural process. Growth begins from the day one is born. But upon crossing the age of 10 or 11, there is a sudden spurt in growth which becomes noticeable. The changes taking place in the body are part of g 7 min read Chapter 8 - Force And PressurePush and Pull ForceA push force or pull force is a force upon an object arising from the object's or body’s interaction with another object. A push or pull only exists as a result of an interaction, like when a body, an object or a material is either pushed or pulled, which is termed as a force. A force due to action 11 min read Interaction of ForcesBefore we explore how force can affect the state of motion of a body, let’s first look at what force is. Force is an interaction between two or more bodies that, when unopposed, causes a change in the state of motion of an object.By the definition of force, it is clear that force is something that c 9 min read Exploring ForcesA force is a push or pull upon a body of any mass resulting from the body's interaction with another body. Whenever there is an interaction between two bodies, there is a force upon each of the bodies. This article will discuss what force is, exploring forces, types of forces, and the effect of forc 5 min read Change in State of MotionIn science, a push or pull of an entity is identified as a Force. The interaction between two objects arises from the force. Force has both magnitude and direction. The strength of a force is articulated in magnitude. Force brings about an altar in the direction or state of motion of a body. Charact 11 min read Contact and Non Contact ForcesContact and Non-Contact Forces are the two main types of forces. Contact Force is a force that acts between objects in contact with each other. For example, Contact force can be experienced when an object is sliding on a surface, due to frictional force. However, Non-Contact Force does not require a 7 min read What is Pressure?Have you ever thought about why a needle is so thin, why fence spikes are pointed, or why a hammer's head is flat? It’s all about pressure. Pressure is the force applied to a specific area. A needle’s sharp tip concentrates the force, allowing it to easily pierce fabric. If it were blunt, the force 7 min read Atmospheric PressureAtmospheric pressure is the force exerted by the weight of the air above a given point on Earth's surface. It is a crucial aspect of atmospheric science and has various implications for weather, aviation, and everyday life. Atmospheric Pressure is about 1.01325 Pascal at sea level. Our body itself i 13 min read Chapter 9 - FrictionWhat is Frictional Force?Frictional Force or Force of Friction is the opposing force when two surfaces come in contact with each other to move either in the same direction or in opposite directions. As friction is a force that opposes or resists the motion of an object that comes in contact and slides against each other. He 14 min read Factors Affecting FrictionFriction is an opposing force that restricts the motion of one body over the surface of another body in contact with it. It is absolutely necessary for the motion of any object over another. It is like a necessary evil that harms and helps. Its dual function can be explained by the example of walkin 11 min read Friction: A Necessary EvilIn Daily Life, You might have seen a vehicle slowing down, or you also have stopped your cycle by applying break whenever needed. Did you notice that an object moving on another object’s surface stops after some time when no external force is applied? Have you ever think about why this happened? Hav 6 min read Increasing and Reducing FrictionThe force that acts between two bodies which are sliding or trying to slide against each other is known as friction. For example, when we push a box along a rough floor, friction is responsible for making the task difficult. Friction is also known as an opposing force since it always acts in the opp 8 min read Fluid FrictionFluid friction occurs between fluid layers that are moving relative to each other. This internal resistance to flow is called viscosity or viscous drag or fluid friction. In normal terms, the viscosity of a fluid is described as its "thickness" of the fluid. Thus, water is "thin", having a lower vis 10 min read Like