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CBSE Class 11 Biology Notes

Last Updated : 21 Apr, 2025
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CBSE Class 11 Biology Notes: CBSE Class 11 Biology Notes cover a wide range of important topics that provide students with a comprehensive understanding of living organisms, their structure, function, and behavior. These notes introduce fundamental concepts like the living world, biological classification, the structural organization in plants and animals, the cell, biomolecules, and physiology.

A thorough understanding of these concepts is crucial for students who wish to pursue higher studies in biology or related fields. The expertly crafted class 11 biology revision notes ensure that students have a clear understanding of the fundamental principles of biology. Moreover, these notes act as a quick reference guide for students, providing them with all the necessary diagrams and explanations that may come in the exams.

CBSE Notes for Class 11 Biology (Unit-Wise)

Unit I: Diversity In The Living World

Chapter 1: The Living World
Chapter 2: Biological Classification
Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom
Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom

Unit II: Structural Organisation In Plants And Animals

Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants
Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Chapter 7: Structural Organisation in Animals

Unit III: Cell: Structure And Functions

Chapter 8: Cell: The Unit of Life
Chapter 9: Biomolecules
Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Unit IV: Plant Physiology

Chapter 11: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Chapter 12: Respiration in Plants
Chapter 13: Plant Growth and Development

Unit V: Human Physiology

Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases
Chapter 15: Body Fluids and Circulation
Chapter 16: Excretory Products and their Elimination
Chapter 17: Locomotion and Movement
Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination
Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration

Get chapter-wise notes for CBSE Class 11 Biology and ace your exams! Find comprehensive notes on The Living World, Biological Classification, Plant Kingdom, Animal Kingdom, Morphology of Flowering Plants, & more below.

Unit I: Diversity In The Living World

Chapter 1: The Living World

  1. Introduction of the living world 
  2. Diversity in the Living World
  3. Nomenclature for Living Organisms
  4. Taxonomic Categories of Hierarchy
  5. Genus and Family
  6. Class and Phylum
  7. Taxonomical Aid
  8. Herbarium
  9. Botanical Gardens

Chapter 2: Biological Classification

  1.  Introduction Of Biological Classification
  2. Kingdom Monera
  3. Archaebacteria
  4. Eubacteria
  5. Kingdom Protista
  6. Chrysophytes
  7. Dinoflagellates
  8. Euglenoid
  9. Slime Moulds
  10. Protozoans
  11. Kingdom Fungi
  12. Phycomycetes
  13. Ascomycetes
  14. Basidiomycetes
  15. Deuteromycetes
  16. Kingdom Plantae
  17. Viruses, Viroids, Prions And Lichens

Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom

  1. What Is Plant Kingdom
  2. Algae
  3. Chlorophyceae
  4. Phaeophyceae
  5. Rhodophyceae
  6. Bryophytes
  7. Liverworts
  8. Mosses
  9. Pteridophytes
  10. Gymnosperms
  11. Angiosperms
  12. Difference between Angiosperm and Gymnosperms
  13. Plant Life Cycles and Alternation of Generations

Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom

  1. Introduction of Animal Kingdom
  2. Basis of Classification
  3. Levels of Organisation
  4. Symmetry
  5. Diploblastic And Triploblastic Organisation
  6. Classification of Animals
  7. Phylum – Porifera
  8. Phylum – Coelenterata (cnidaria)
  9. Phylum – Ctenophora
  10. Phylum – Platyhelminthes
  11. Phylum – Aschelminthes
  12. Phylum – Annelida
  13. Phylum – Arthropoda
  14. Phylum – Mollusca
  15. Phylum – Echinodermata
  16. Phylum – Hemichordata
  17. Phylum – Chordata

Unit II: Structural Organisation In Plants And Animals

Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants

  1. Introduction of Morphology of Flowering Plants
  2. Root
  3. Stem
  4. The Leaf
  5. Inflorescence
  6. Flower
  7. Parts of a flower
  8. Androecium
  9. Gynoecium
  10. Fruit
  11. Structure of a Dicotyledonous Seed
  12. Structure of a monocotyledonous Seed
  13. Semi-technical Description of a typical Flowering Plant
  14. Fabaceae
  15. Solanaceae
  16. Liliaceae

Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants

  1. Meristematic Tissues
  2. Permanent Tissues
  3. Complex Tissues
  4. Epidermal Tissue System
  5. Dicotyledonous Root and Monocotyledonous Root 
  6. Dicotyledonous Stem and Monocotyledonous Stem
  7. Dorsiventral (Dicotyledonous) Leaf
  8. Isobilateral (Monocotyledonous) Leaf
  9. Secondary Growth and Secondary Growth in Roots
  10. Cork Cambium

Chapter 7: Structural Organization In Animals

  1. Structural Organisation In Animal
  2. Epithelial Tissue
  3. Connective Tissue
  4. Muscle Tissue
  5. Neural Tissue
  6. Organ And Organ System
  7. Earthworm Morphology
  8. Earthworm Anatomy
  9. Cockroach Morphology
  10. Cockroach Anatomy
  11. Frogs Morphology and Anatomy

Unit III: Cell: Structure And Functions

Chapter 8: Cell-The Unit of Life

  1. Prokaryotic Cells
  2. Cell Envelope And Its Modifications
  3. Ribosomes And Inclusion Bodies
  4. Eukaryotic Cells
  5. Cell Membrane
  6. Endomembrane System
  7. Mitochondria
  8. Golgi Apparatus
  9. Plastids
  10. Ribosomes
  11. Cytoskeleton
  12. Cilia and Flagella
  13. Nucleus

Chapter 9: Biomolecules

  1. Introduction Of Biomolecules
  2. How To Analyze Chemical Composition?
  3. Primary And Secondary Metabolites
  4. Biomacromolecules
  5. Proteins
  6. Polysaccharides
  7. Nucleic Acids
  8. Structure of Proteins
  9. Dynamic State of Body Constituents – Concept of Metabolism
  10. Metabolic Basis For Living
  11. The Living State 
  12. Enzymes
  13. How Do Enzymes Bring About Such High Rates Of Chemical Conversions?
  14. Nature Of Enzyme Action
  15. Mechanism of Enzyme Action
  16. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
  17. Co-factors

Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division

  1. Introduction Of Cell Cycle And Cell Division
  2. M Phase
  3. Significance Of Mitosis
  4. Meiosis and Different Phases

Unit IV: Plant Physiology

Chapter 11: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

  1. Where Does Photosynthesis Take Place?
  2. How Many Types Of Pigments Are Involved In Photosynthesis?
  3. What Is Light Reaction?
  4. The Electron Transport
  5. Cyclic And Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation
  6. Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
  7. Where are the ATP And NADPH used?
  8. Calvin Cycle
  9. C4 Pathway
  10. Photorespiration
  11. Factors affecting Photosynthesis

Chapter 12: Respiration in Plants

  1. Introduction Of Respiration In Plants
  2. Do Plants Breathe?
  3. Glycolysis
  4. Fermentation
  5. Aerobic Respiration
  6. Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
  7. Electron Transport System (ETS) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
  8. The Respiratory Balance Sheet
  9. Amphibolic Pathway
  10. Respiratory Quotient

Chapter 13: Plant-Growth and Development

  1. Introduction Of Plant Growth and Development
  2. Growth Rates
  3. Differentiation, Dedifferentiation, and Redifferentiation
  4. Development
  5. Plant Growth Regulators
  6. Physiological Effects of Plant Growth Regulators
  7. Photoperiodism
  8. Vernalization
  9. Seed Dormancy

Unit V: Human Physiology

Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases

  1. Respiratory Organs
  2. Mechanism of Breathing
  3. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
  4. Exchange of Gases
  5. Transport of Oxygen
  6. Transport of Carbon Dioxide
  7. Regulation of Respiration
  8. Disorders of the Respiratory System

Chapter 15: Body Fluids and Circulation

  1. Introduction Of Body Fluids And Circulation
  2. Plasma and Formed Elements
  3. Blood and Blood Group
  4. Coagulation of Blood
  5. Lymph (Tissue Fluid)
  6. Circulatory Pathways
  7. Human Circulatory System
  8. Cardiac Cycle
  9. Electrocardiograph (ECG)
  10. Double Circulation
  11. Regulation of Cardiac Activity
  12. Disorders of the Circulatory System

Chapter 16: Excretory Products and their Elimination

  1. Introduction Excretory Products and their Elimination
  2. Human Excretory System
  3. Urine Formation
  4. The function of The Tubules
  5. Mechanism Of Concentration Of The Filtrate
  6. Regulation Of Kidney Function
  7. Micturition
  8. Role of Other Organs in Excretion
  9. Disorders of The Excretory System

Chapter 17: Locomotion and Movement

  1. Locomotion and Movement
  2. Muscle
  3. Structure of Contractile Proteins
  4. Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
  5. Skeletal System
  6. Joints

Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination  

  1. Human Neural System
  2. Neurons as Structural and Functional Unit of Neural System
  3. Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulse
  4. Transmission of Impulses
  5. Central Neural System
  6. Reflex Action And Reflex Arc
  7. Sensory Reception And Processing
  8. Human Eye
  9. Human Ear

Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration

  1. Endocrine Glands And Hormones
  2. Pituitary Gland
  3. Pineal Gland  
  4. Thyroid Gland
  5. Parathyroid Gland
  6. Thymus
  7. Adrenal Gland
  8. Pancreas
  9. Testis
  10. Ovary
  11. Hormones of the Heart, Kidney, and Gastrointestinal Tract
  12. Mechanism of Hormone Action

Conclusion

CBSE Class 11 Biology Notes cover a wide range of topics, from the basic principles of life to the complex workings of living organisms. The expertly crafted revision notes provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the subject, ensuring that they are well-prepared for their exams and future academic pursuits.


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    Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants

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    6 min read
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    11 min read
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    Parts of a Flower and Their Functions
    A flower is the reproductive structure of angiosperm that facilitates sexual reproduction. The 4 main parts of the flower include - sepals, petals, stamens (male parts of the flower), and carpels (female part of the flower). The different parts of the flower have their unique function. The primary f
    9 min read
    Androecium - Definition, Components, Structure, Functions
    Reproduction is a biological process in which living organisms produce offspring similar to them. Reproduction is an important event to ensure the continuity of species on earth. In sexual reproduction, there is a chance of evolution due to mutation, linkage, etc. which is necessary for adapting and
    9 min read
    Gynoecium - Definition, Concept, Parts, Functions
    The female reproductive part of the flower is known as Gynoecium. It is the part that produces ovaries which are later on finally converted into fruit after sexual reproduction. The gynoecium is the inward whorl of the flower. The gynoecium is also referred to as female because they produce the fema
    7 min read
    What is a Fruit?
    After flowering the structure formed from the ovaries and bearing the seeds in it, such structure of the flower is known as Fruit. Fruit is one of the ways to spreads seeds in flowering plants (Angiosperms).  What is a Fruit? Fruit is the structure of a plant former from ovaries after flowering plan
    6 min read
    Structure Of A Dicotyledonous Seed
    The study of the physical and external structure of plants is known as the morphology of plants. The morphology of flowering plants includes leaves, roots, stems, flowers, and fruits. Flowering plants are also known as angiosperms. The anatomy of flowering plants includes the organization of cells a
    7 min read
    Structure Of Monocotyledonous Seed
    The study of morphology is worried about the investigation of the structure and construction of items. A blooming plant's morphology incorporates the roots, stem, leaves, blossoms, and natural products, paying little mind to which plant it is. Morphology is the part of science worried about the inve
    5 min read
    Semi Technical Description of a Flowering Plant - Class 11 Biology
    Morphology refers to the study of forms or external features of an organism. While studying the morphology of an organism we focus on its external appearance and on parts that are easily visible to the naked eye. Fruits, leaves, flowers, stems, and roots are the important part of a flowering plant w
    11 min read
    Fabaceae - Overview, Characteristics, Classification, Importance
    Morphology is the study of phenotypes character or the exterior character with respect to other parts. Morphology of plants deals with the morphology of plants and we study different parts of plants. Fabaceae (pea family) is a huge group of angiosperms. It is otherwise called Leguminosae and the pla
    4 min read
    Solanaceae - Characteristics, Importance, Examples
    Solanaceae place among developed species and some others, like potato, pepper, and tomato, play a deciding job in the human eating routine and the economy of the nations. Others are generally developed as fancy plants or for modern and drug purposes. Infection sicknesses have a genuine and, surprisi
    6 min read
    Liliaceae
    Morphology is the branch of biological science that deals with the study of various external features, relative positions, and forms of various organs of various organisms. It is divided into two categories: Internal morphology: It deals with the internal forms of organisms. This type of morphology
    5 min read

    Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants

    Meristematic Tissues | Class 11 Biology
    Plants have cells as their basic unit, which are organized into tissues, which are then organized into organs. The internal structure of different organs in a plant differs. The monocots and dicots of angiosperms are also anatomically distinct. Internal structures exhibit environmental adaptations a
    7 min read
    Permanent Tissues
    Plants, just like animals are multicellular eukaryotes. This means that they consist of cells, tissues, and organs each with a special unique function to carry out. A cell is the smallest building block of any organism. A group of cells together forms a tissue, and a group of tissue combine to form
    9 min read
    Why are Xylem and Phloem called Complex Tissues?
    The xylem and phloem are called complex tissues because they consist of different types of cells with specialized functions working together to transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant. This article will give us a detailed answer to the question "Why are Xylem and Phloem called Co
    7 min read
    Epidermal Tissue System: Its Functions and Tissue in Plant
    The epidermal tissue system includes several differentiated cell types including epidermal cells, guard cells, subsidiary cells, and epidermal hairs (trichomes). The epidermis tissue system performs numerous functions: such as preventing water loss, regulating gas exchange, secreting metabolic subst
    7 min read
    Difference between Dicot and Monocot Root
    Flowering plants are also called angiosperms. The anatomy of flowering plants includes the organization of cells and tissues within the bodies of flowering plants. Plants are eukaryotic life forms that are portrayed by their capacity to deliver their own food. They give oxygen, food, and medication
    6 min read
    Monocot and Dicot Stems - Definition, Structure, Characteristics, Examples
    Flowering Plants (Blooming plants) are really characterized into two classes in light of their undeveloped organism, called Monocotyledonous (monocot) plants and Dicotyledonous plants. Allow us to figure out additional about these plants. We can undoubtedly see the underlying similitudes and varieti
    3 min read
    Describe the Internal Structure of a Dorsiventral Leaf
    Flowering plants are also known as angiosperms. The anatomy of flowering plants includes the organization of cells and tissues within the bodies of a flowering plant. Tissues are formed by a group of cells to perform a function. Flowers are known as the reproductive part of the plant since they play
    6 min read
    Isobilateral (Monocotyledonous) Leaf - Definition, Features, Structure, Examples
    On account of the isobilateral leaf, the mesophyll tissue in the leaves isn't separated. It consists of either just springy or palisade parenchyma cells. These sorts of leaves are comparative in an appearance on both sides and, subsequently, are called isobilateral kinds of leaves. On account of the
    9 min read
    Secondary Growth
    Term tissue ( French word meaning woven ) was used by N.Grew (1682) the father of plant anatomy. Nageli is regarded as the father of Modern Anatomy. A cell is the functional and structural unit of life. A tissue is a group of cells having a common origin, the same method of development, and function
    6 min read
    Cork Cambium
    The study of an organism's internal structure is called anatomy. Histology, or the study of tissue organization and structure, is a component of plant anatomy research. Anatomy reveals the structural adaptation to various settings and reveals the structural differences of various groups of plants. T
    6 min read

    Chapter 7: Structural Organization In Animals

    NCERT Notes of Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals
    Notes on NCERT for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals: Structural organization in animals refers to the arrangement of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems that work together through the division of labour and ensure the survival of the whole body. In this article, yo
    8 min read
    Structural Organization in Animals
    Every living organism is made up of cells. The basic structural organization of any multicellular living organism is as follows: Cells-Tissue-Organ-Organ System Structural Organization in Animals For a living thing to be called living, it must have a cell. Every organism starts with the fundamental
    8 min read
    Epithelial Tissue - Introduction, Characteristics, Types, Importance
    Epithelial tissue is what makes up this part of the animal's anatomy, and it may be found on both the outside and the inside of the body. The body structure of multicellular organisms is more complicated than that of unicellular organisms, in which every important cellular function, such as nutritio
    13 min read
    Connective Tissue - Definition, Functions, Types, Examples
    The connective tissue is a type of tissue that supports, binds, or separates other tissues and organs in the body. Understanding the connective tissue type and function helps in learning about the tissue system in organisms. Connective tissue with a fluid matrix such as blood, circulates throughout
    10 min read
    Organ System
    The cell is the smallest fundamental unit in animals. It is where the structural organization begins. Additionally, tissues are made up of a collection of cells with comparable functions. Organs are created when tissues group together to carry out particular tasks. Cells⇢Tissues⇢Organs⇢Organ system.
    7 min read
    Morphology of Earthworm
    The morphology of earthworms can be described as a cylindrical, segmented body covered by a moist cuticle that facilitates respiration through their skin. Understanding the external and internal morphology of earthworms along with other characteristics helps in analyzing their role in soil health, n
    4 min read
    Earthworm Anatomy
    Earthworms, otherwise called rancher's companion (farmer's friend) comes under the Annelida phylum. Their home is soil and feeds upon the organic matter. Varieties of the organic entity found in India are Pheretima and Lumbricus. They're rosy brown in variety and their body is in a state of an exten
    9 min read
    Morphology of Cockroach
    The primary association in creatures begins from the littlest key unit—the cell. Furthermore, a gathering of cells that carry out a comparable role structures tissues. At the point when tissues assemble to carry out unambiguous roles, they structure organs. Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ system. W
    6 min read
    Anatomy of Cockroach
    The basic association in creatures begins from the littlest, critical unit—the cell. The cell is the basic unit of any living organism. Furthermore, a gathering of cells that carry out a comparable role structures tissues. At the point when tissues assemble to carry out unambiguous roles, they struc
    6 min read
    Morphology and Anatomy of Frogs
    Animals' structural organization begins with their smallest basic unit, the cell. Additionally, tissues are made up of a collection of cells with comparable functions. Organs are created when tissues come together to carry out particular tasks. Frog Frogs are tailed, carnivorous amphibians that are
    6 min read

    Chapter 8: Cell-The Unit of Life

    Cell the Unit of Life Class 11 Notes CBSE Biology Chapter 8
    Class 11 Biology NCERT Notes for Chapter 8 Cell The Unit of Life: Cells are the basic units of life and serve as the building blocks of all living organisms. They differ in structure, composition, and function, but have similarities. The human body is made up of more than trillions of cells. They gi
    15+ min read
    Prokaryotic Cells
    Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms that lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their genetic material is present in a nucleoid region. They are normally smaller than eukaryotic cells, with a size range of 0.1 to 5 μm in diameter. Prokaryotic cells for example bacteria and arch
    5 min read
    Cell Envelope - Definition, Classification, Types, Functions
    All living things are produced using at least one cell. A cell is the most straightforward unit of life and they are liable for keeping a living being alive and working. This prologue to cells is the beginning stage for the area of science that concentrates on the different sorts of cells and how th
    7 min read
    Ribosomes and Inclusion Bodies
    The cell is the structural and functional unit of life. The prokaryotic cells constitute bacteria, blue-green algae, mycoplasma, and PPLO( Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms). The size of prokaryotic cells is usually small ( 0.1- 5.0 μm ). It has one envelope organization. In prokaryotes, DNA is naked,
    9 min read
    Eukaryotic Cells
    Eukaryotic cells include all the protists, plants, animals, and fungi. It forms the domain Eukaryota and possesses an organized nucleus with a nuclear envelope. Their genetic material is organized into chromosomes. Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles like Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endo
    7 min read
    Cell Membrane
    The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, bounds the cell. The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids. It is a selectively permeable membrane that binds the cell and separates the cell from the outside environment. In this article, we will study cell membrane structure, functio
    8 min read
    Endomembrane System - Overview, Structure, and Functions
    Cell is the fundamental and structural unit of all living entity. It is the biological, structural, and functional unit of all plants and animals. cells are the ‘Building Blocks of Life’ or the ‘Basic units of Life’. Organisms made up of a single cell are ‘unicellular’ whereas organisms made up of m
    6 min read
    Mitochondria
    Mitochondria is a double membrane organelle present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria generates energy in the form of ATP because of which mitochondria is known as the "powerhouse of the cell". In 1857 Albert von Kolliker first discovered the organelle and Carl Benda in 1898 gav
    7 min read
    Golgi Apparatus
    Golgi apparatus is an organelle found in most of the eukaryotes. It consists of a series of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae. These cisternae are present one over the other to form the Golgi complex. It is responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles before secretion and therefore plays
    4 min read
    Plastids - Definition, Classification, Structure, Functions
    Plastids are cell organelles that are found in green plants and algae. Plastids are responsible for containing photosynthetic pigments, other coloring pigments, starch, proteins, fats, etc. substances. The credit for the discovery of plastid goes to Ernst Haeckel, however, the proper definition of p
    5 min read
    Ribosomes
    Ribosomes are cellular structures responsible for translating genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. Ribosomes are made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. They are the site of protein synthesis. The ribosome structure consists of two subunits, a small subunit and a large subun
    5 min read
    Cytoskeleton - Definition, Structure, Components, Functions
    The cytoskeleton is an elaborate network of associated protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells. In 1903 Nikolai K.Koltsov coined the term cytoskeleton. It is situated between the membrane of the cell and the cell nucleus. What is Cytoskeleton?The cytoskeleton is a complex structure t
    6 min read
    Cilia And Flagella - Definition, Structure, Functions and FAQs
    Cilia and Flagella are cell organelles that enable cells to move or protect themselves from their surroundings. The human eye is unable to see these. The prokaryotic flagella are structurally distinct from the eukaryotic flagella. Cilia and Flagella are extensions that help to move substances around
    6 min read
    What is Nucleus? | Class 11 Biology
    The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. In biology, the cell has the same central position as that of an atom in the physical sciences. The bodies of living organisms are made up of microscopic units called cells. Cells have evolved a variety of different lifestyles
    7 min read

    Chapter 9: Biomolecules

    Biomolecules - Definition, Structure, Classification, Examples
    Biomolecules is a chemical compound found in living organisms. They are the building blocks of life, essential for the functioning of living organisms. Biomolecules include protein, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes, and nucleic acids. They vary in size and structure. Biomolecules are crucial for life
    8 min read
    How To Analyze Chemical Composition?
    Biomolecules can be defined as the carbon-containing intensifies which are available in both living and non-living things. They are engaged with the support and metabolic cycles of living creatures. Every one of the components intensifies, which are available to make up every living animal. Biomolec
    4 min read
    What are Metabolites - Primary and Secondary Metabolites
    Metabolites are the intermediate molecules produced during various metabolic processes. Metabolites produced by plants are of two types - primary and secondary metabolites. The metabolites examples are antibiotics, glucose, amino acids, etc. Metabolite functions include signalling molecules, defence
    6 min read
    Biomacromolecules - Definition, Types, Functions, Significance
    Biomolecule, also called biological molecules, is any of various substances that are created by cells and living creatures. Biomolecules have many sizes and designs and play out a huge range of capabilities. The four significant kinds of biomolecules are carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. A
    7 min read
    Proteins - Definition, Structure, Significance, Examples
    Biomolecules seem to be the most important kind of organic molecules since they play a role in the upkeep and metabolic activities of living creatures. These non-living molecules are the true footsoldiers fighting for the sustenance of life, and they play an essential role to lead a healthy life in
    11 min read
    Polysaccharides
    Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of multiple sugar (monosaccharide) units linked together. They are essential macromolecules in biology and serve various functions in living organisms. Polysaccharides play a crucial role in energy storage, structural support, and cellular recognitio
    6 min read
    Nucleic Acid - Definition, Function, Structure, and Types
    The nucleic acid is an important molecule in living organisms. Nucleic acid functions as the blueprint for genetic information. Understanding the nucleic acid structure and functions helps in deciphering the genetic code, which contains instructions for building and maintaining living organisms. In
    9 min read
    Protein Structure - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
    Biomolecules, additionally called natural particles, are any of various substances that are created by cells and living creatures. Biomolecules have many sizes and designs and play out an immense range of capabilities. The four significant sorts of biomolecules are fat, lipids, nucleic acids, and pr
    6 min read
    Metabolic Basis For Living | CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 9
    Biomolecules are the fundamental building blocks of all living things. They work together to promote various biological processes that are required for life. They differ in structure and size. Hydrogen and oxygen are the two most abundant elements in biomolecules. Within the body, living systems syn
    7 min read
    Enzymes - Definition, Structure, Classification, Examples
    Enzymes are biological molecules that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical responses in living organisms. They work by lowering the activation energy needed for a response to do, therefore adding the rate of the response without being consumed themselves. Enzymes play pivotal places in colorful na
    11 min read
    Nature of Enzyme Action
    All the carbon-based compounds that are seen in or produced by living organisms and are necessary to a biological cycle are called biomolecules. Examples of biomolecules include proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Even molecules such as metabolites are considered biomolecules. Enzyme
    4 min read
    Mechanism of Enzymes Action
    Different types of cells, tissue, and other complex organs together form the human body. Our body releases some chemicals for the effective functioning of the body and to improve biological processes such as respiration, digestion, excretion, and a few other metabolic activities to maintain a health
    10 min read
    Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
    The factors affecting enzyme activity include temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and the presence of inhibitors or activators. Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes are made up of proteins that are highly specifi
    7 min read
    Cofactors
    Cofactors are non-protein chemical compounds or metallic ions that are essential for an enzyme's biological activity. They can be organic molecules, called coenzymes, or inorganic ions. The cofactor's function is to assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions by stabilizing transition states, enhancing s
    5 min read
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