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Nested Functions in C

Callbacks in C

Last Updated : 27 May, 2025

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In C language, a callback is a function that is passed as an argument to another code, which is expected to call back (execute) the argument at a given time. In simple terms, a callback is the process of passing a function (executable code) to another function as an argument, which is then called by the function to which it is passed.

In C, a callback function is passed through a function pointer.

Example:

C

#include <stdio.h>  void A() {    printf("I am function A"); } // Callback function void B(void (*ptr)()) {      	// Callback to A     (*ptr)();  }  int main() {      	// Function pointer to A()     void (*ptr)() = &A;      // Calling function B and passing     // address of the function A as argument     B(ptr);      return 0; }

Output

I am function A

Explanation: In this code, a callback function is demonstrated where function B() accepts a function pointer as an argument. Inside B, the passed function pointer ptr is called, which points to function A. This allows function A to be invoked dynamically via B, implementing a callback mechanism.

Syntax of Callback Functions

In C, the syntax for a callback function involves the use of function pointers. A function pointer is a variable that stores the address of a function. The function pointer is then passed to another function, and it can be called using the pointer.

C

// Function signature of the callback function void callback_function(void);  // A function that accepts a callback function void some_function(void (*callback)()) {       // Calling the callback function      callback(); }

Working of Callback in C

The step by step working of callbacks is as follows:

Define the Callback Function: This is the function that will be called from within another function.
Declare a Function Pointer: A pointer to the callback function is declared, typically matching the signature of the callback function.
Pass the Function Pointer: The pointer is passed as an argument to another function.
Invoke the Callback Function: Inside the receiving function, the callback function is called using the function pointer.

Examples of Callbacks in C

The following examples demonstrate how to use callback functions in C.

Comparing Two Numbers using Callbacks

C

#include <stdio.h>  // Callback function to compare two numbers int comp(int a, int b) {     if (a > b) return a;     return b; }  // Function that accepts a callback for comparison void Max(int (*callback)(int, int), int x, int y) {        // Calls the callback function     int res = callback(x, y);      printf("Given Numbers: %d, %d\n" ,x, y);     printf("%d is greater", res); }  int main() {     int x = 7, y = 10;      // Pass the compareNumbers function as callback     Max(comp, x, y);      return 0; }

Output

Given Numbers: 7, 10 10 is greater

Simple Calculator using Callback

C

#include <stdio.h>  // Callback functions int add(int a, int b) {     return a + b; } int sub(int a, int b) {     return a - b; } int mul(int a, int b) {     return a * b; } int div(int a, int b) {     return a / b; }  // General calculator function that accepts a callback void calc(int a, int b, int (*op)(int, int)) {      	// Call the callback function     printf("%d\n", op(a, b)); }  int main() {     int n1 = 10, n2 = 5;      // Using the calculator with addition     printf( "Numbers : %d, %d\n" ,n1, n2);     printf("Sum : ");     calc(n1, n2, add);      // Using the calculator with subtraction     printf("Difference: ");     calc(n1, n2, sub);      return 0; }

Output

Numbers : 10, 5 Sum : 15 Difference: 5

Applications of Callbacks

The callback concept finds their use in wide variety of cases. Some of them are given below:

Event-Driven Programming: Callbacks are widely used in GUI applications and other event-driven systems where certain actions (like button clicks) trigger callback functions.
Sorting Algorithms: Callbacks can be used to define comparison functions in sorting functions like qsort() in the C Standard Library.
Asynchronous Operations: Callbacks are used to handle asynchronous tasks, where a function continues its execution and calls the callback when the task completes.
Custom Behaviours: Callbacks allow the programmer to pass custom behaviour to functions. For example, callbacks can define how certain operations are performed without modifying the core logic of the function.

Nested Functions in C

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Ranju Kumari

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