Public Private Partnership (PPP) : Meaning, Features, Applications, Advantages and Disadvantages Last Updated : 03 May, 2023 Comments Improve Suggest changes Like Article Like Report A legally binding contract between the government and a private business organisation to provide public assets and public services for the benefit of the general public is known as a Public-private Partnership (PPP, P3, or P3). PPP is a partnership between private and public enterprises regarding infrastructure and other services. For instance, The Chennai Port in partnership with P&O, and the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) in Mumbai are two examples of port construction projects under the PPP model. NGOs and/or community-based organisations that are project stakeholders directly affected by the project are also included in PPP. The objective of PPP is to combine the best capabilities available from the public and private sectors. In addition to social responsibility, environmental awareness, and local expertise, government contributions to the partnership include funds for investment and the transfer of assets. Sectors in which PPPs have been completed globally include power generation and distribution, water and sanitation, waste disposal, pipelines, medical facilities, school buildings, educational facilities, stadiums, air traffic control, prisons, railways, highways, billing, and other information technology systems, and housing. Features of the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) ModelThe following are the features of the PPP Model: 1. Partners in PPP: Government Entities, such as Ministries, Government Departments, Municipalities, or State-owned Enterprises, are the public partners in PPP. The private partners can be local or worldwide businesses or investors who have the required financial or technological expertise for the project. 2. Role of Public Sector in PPP: The public sector plays a crucial role and assures that social commitments are satisfied, industry changes are implemented, and public investment goals are successfully realised. 3. Role of Private Sector in PPP: The private sector's role in the partnership is to use its functional, task-management, and innovative experience to run the business effectively. 4. Cost of Using Service: In some cases of PPP, the users of the services pay the costs of utilising them rather than the taxpayers, and the government may cover wholly or partly the costs of providing the services. 5. Provision of Capital Subsidy: The government may issue a capital subsidy in the form of a one-time grant to make projects aimed at providing public goods in the infrastructure sector more attractive to the private sector. In some cases, the government may offer a revenue subsidy, such as tax rebates or a guarantee of yearly income. 6. Pertaining to High-Priority Projects and Public Welfare:PPP is suitable for high-priority projects, such as the infrastructure sector. PPP is utilised in government initiatives aimed at promoting public welfare. 7. Revenue Sharing: The revenue from PPP is divided into an agreed ratio between the government and private firms. 8. Issues with PPP: The primary issue with the PPP project is that the public sector takes the majority of the income risk, and private investors receive a rate of return that is higher than the rate on government bonds. Applications of the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) ModelThe PPP model is appropriate in the following circumstances: It is appropriate for capital projects with limited operating costs.It is appropriate where the public sector wants to maintain operating responsibility.Strengths or Advantages of Public-Private Partnership (PPP)Sharing of Project Risks: A PPP project's structure distributes project risks to the organisations best suited to manage them.Increased Efficiency: Involvement of the private sector improves project execution efficiency and reduces downtime and expense.Innovation: PPP helps in the introduction of innovative design and construction techniques.Better Viability: The project's viability is improved by the involvement of experienced and trustworthy sponsors and commercial lenders.Weaknesses of Public-Private Partnership (PPP)It may lead to disputes between the parties over environmental issues. In the public-private partnership model, it is difficult to attract funding from the private sector. Comment More infoAdvertise with us Next Article Types of Business Services N nikitajaincalm Follow Improve Article Tags : Business Studies Commerce Commerce - 11th Similar Reads CBSE Class 11 Business Studies Notes Business Studies is the area of study that talks about the principles of business, economics and management. GeeksforGeeks Class 11 Business Studies Notes have been designed according to the CBSE Syllabus for Class 11. These revision notes consist of detailed Chapterwise important topics and concept 9 min read Chapter 1: Business, Trade, and CommerceBusiness : Characteristics, Objectives and ClassificationWhat is Business?Business is any economic activity that includes the purchase or sale of goods or services with the basic objective of earning profit and satisfying the individuals' needs of the society. Business activities can be classified into two categories: Industry and Commerce.  Table of Con 7 min read Difference between Business, Profession, and EmploymentWhat is Business?Business is an economic activity that includes activities related to the sales and purchase of goods and services on a regular basis with the objective of earning profit. For example, fishing, farming, etc. According to Wheeler, "Business is an institution organised and operated to 3 min read Trade and Auxiliaries to TradeCommerce is a wide term consisting of all those activities, which are necessary for sale, transfer or exchange of goods and services. Commerce includes two kinds of activities trade and auxiliaries to trade. Buying and selling of goods is termed trade. But there are a lot of activities involved betw 7 min read Business Risk : Meaning, Types, Nature & CausesWhat is Business Risk?The chance of inadequate profits or even losses due to uncertainties or unexpected events is known as Business Risk. In simpler terms, business risk is the possibility of incurring losses or generating less profit than projected. These factors are beyond the control of business 9 min read 10 Basic Factors for Starting a BusinessAll those economic activities, which are connected with production, purchase and sale of goods or supply of services with the objective of earning profit is known as Business. The term 'Business', means busy-ness or 'state of being busy' in economic activities. The activities consist of production o 5 min read Types of Industries- Primary, Secondary, and TertiaryThe industry is concerned with the processing and production of goods and services with the motive of earning profit. In simple words, it involves changing the raw materials into finished products for the purpose of selling them to the customers. The goods sold by industry can be either used by othe 6 min read Chapter 2: Forms of Business OrganisationForms of Business OrganizationAn organization engaged in some commercial activity or business with the motive of earning profit is known as a business enterprise. If an individual or a group of individuals plans to start a new business or expand its existing business, selecting the right form of business organization is essentia 4 min read Sole Proprietorship : Meaning, Definition and FeaturesWhat is Sole Proprietorship ?A sole proprietorship is the most popular, oldest and simplest form of business organization. It is basically made up of two words, one is 'sole', which means "one" and the second is 'proprietor', which means "owner". So, Sole Proprietorship means a business with a singl 4 min read Advantages and Disadvantages of Sole ProprietorshipA sole proprietorship is the most popular, oldest and simplest form of business organization. It is basically made up of two words, one is 'sole', which means "one" and the second is 'proprietor', which means "owner". So, Sole Proprietorship means a business with a single owner, also known as a sole 5 min read What is Joint Hindu Family Business (Hindu Undivided Family Business) ?Joint Hindu Family Business is a form of business, which is found only in India, and wherein the business is owned and carried on by the members of the Hindu Undivided Family (HUF). It is governed by the Hindu Law (The Hindu Succession Act, 1956). It is stated that the law of inheritance creates the 3 min read Advantages and Disadvantages of a PartnershipA partnership is a form of business where two or more people formally agree to be co-owners, divide up the duties of running the organization, and split the profits and losses the organization earns. Persons who have formed a partnership with one another are referred to as partners. The firm name is 5 min read Types of Partners (Bussiness)Business Partners come in many forms, each offering unique skills and resources that help a company grow and succeed. An organisation that is engaged in a business or a commercial activity, and is a separate unit of business is known as a Business Enterprise. In business, choosing the right type of 7 min read Cooperative Society : Meaning, Features, and TypesWhat is Cooperative Society?The word "cooperative" means to work together and cooperate with each other, similarly, in a cooperative society, a group of people forms a voluntary association to benefit the members and work for the betterment of society, especially for the weaker sections. The members 6 min read Advantages and Disadvantages of Cooperative SocietyThe word "cooperative" means to work together and cooperate with each other, similarly, in a cooperative society, a group of people forms a voluntary association to benefit the members and work for the betterment of society, especially for the weaker sections. According to "The Cooperative Societies 4 min read Joint Stock Company: Meaning, Features, and TypesWhat is Joint Stock Company?An association of different individuals formed to carry out business activities is known as a joint stock company. This form of organization has an independent legal status from its members. Basically, a joint stock company is an artificial individual with a separate lega 6 min read Advantages and Disadvantages of a Joint Stock CompanyAn association of different individuals formed to carry out business activities is known as a joint stock company. This form of organization has an independent legal status from its members. Basically, a joint stock company is an artificial individual with a separate legal entity, common seal and pe 5 min read Choice of Form of Business OrganisationA business cannot run in isolation. It requires proper management and organisation of business activities in an appropriate form. For this, it is essential for an organisation to determine its form of business organisation defining the form of ownership of the business. Ownership here consists of sh 6 min read Chapter 3: Private, Public, and Global EnterprisesPrivate, Public, and Global EnterprisesWe have all come across different types of organizations in our daily life. There are shops owned by Sole Proprietor or big retail organizations run by a Company.  Then there are people providing services like legal services, medical services, is owned by one or more person i.e. Partnership Firms. T 6 min read Forms of Organizing Public Sector EnterprisesSome kind of organizational framework is needed for the Government's participation in the business and economic sectors of the country to function. In the Public Sector, Government plays a major role in organizing and formulating the key points related to an organization. These public enterprises ar 5 min read Difference between Private and Public SectorPrivate Sector and Public Sector are two different types of sectors which include enterprises wholly and/or partly managed and owned by individuals and the Central or State Government. Table of Content What is Private Sector?What is Public Sector?Difference between Private Sector and Public SectorWh 5 min read What is Statutory Corporation? | Meaning and FeaturesMeaning of Statutory CorporationStatutory Corporations are autonomous corporate bodies established by a special act of Parliament or a state legislature, with predefined functions, duties, powers, and immunity as defined by the act. Statutory corporations have financial autonomy and are accountable 2 min read Merits and Demerits of Statutory CorporationStatutory Corporations are autonomous corporate bodies established by a special act of Parliament or a state legislature, with predefined functions, duties, powers, and immunity as defined by the act. Statutory corporations have financial autonomy and are accountable to the legislature under which t 3 min read What is a Government Company? | Meaning, Features, and SuitabilityAfter Independence, for the development of the country, it became necessary for the Government to start public sector enterprises. Besides, India adopted a Mixed Economy pattern, under which both the public and private sectors played some role in the economic development. Some kind of organizational 4 min read Merits and Demerits of Government CompanyWhat is Government Company?A government company is a business entity owned and operated by the government at either the central or state level. It is established under the Indian Companies Act and is registered and governed by the provisions of the Indian Companies Act. The basic purpose behind the 5 min read Departmental Undertaking : Meaning, Features, and SuitabilityWhat is Departmental Undertaking?Departmental Undertaking is the most conventional and oldest method of organising public companies. These businesses are established as ministry departments and are considered a part of or an extension of the ministry itself. The government works through these depart 3 min read Merits and Demerits of Departmental UndertakingWhat is Departmental Undertaking? Departmental Undertaking is the most conventional and oldest method of organising public companies. These businesses are established as ministry departments and are considered a part of or an extension of the ministry itself. The government works through these depar 3 min read Changing Role of Public SectorThe public sector is comprised of various organisations that are owned and managed by the government. These organisations may be partially or completely owned by the federal or state governments. They may also be part of the ministry or formed by a Special Act of Parliament. The government participa 8 min read Government Policy towards Public Sector since 1991What is Public Sector? The public sector is comprised of various organisations that are owned and managed by the government. These organisations may be partially or completely owned by the federal or state governments. They may also be part of the ministry or formed by a Special Act of Parliament. T 4 min read What are Global Enterprises?A company whose business operations extend beyond the country in which it is incorporated is known as Global Enterprise or Multinational Company (MNC). Global enterprises are thus large-scale industrial organisations that extend their industrial and marketing operations across multiple countries via 4 min read Benefits and Types of Joint VentureWhat is Joint Venture?When two or more firms join together for a common purpose and mutual benefit, it is known as Joint Venture. It is a combination of two or more firms' resources and skills to achieve a certain goal. A partnership between two companies is created to share capital, technology, hum 5 min read Public Private Partnership (PPP) : Meaning, Features, Applications, Advantages and DisadvantagesA legally binding contract between the government and a private business organisation to provide public assets and public services for the benefit of the general public is known as a Public-private Partnership (PPP, P3, or P3). PPP is a partnership between private and public enterprises regarding in 4 min read Chapter 4: Business ServicesTypes of Business ServicesBusiness Services refer to those services, which are used by business enterprises to conduct their activities. They are necessary for the effective operation of businesses and comprise those connected with banking, transportation, warehousing, insurance, communication, etc. Business enterprises need 6 min read Difference between Goods and ServicesGoods and Services play a crucial role in an economy. Consumer purchases many products in the form of goods and services to fulfil their requirements. Goods are tangible in nature as they can be physically touched or seen; however, services are intangible in nature. Both goods and services aim at pr 3 min read Nature and Types of ServicesServices are those essential and separately identifiable intangible activities satisfying the wants of consumers. It is not necessary that services are linked to the sale of a commodity or another service. For example, banking services, warehousing services, etc. Services require personal interactio 6 min read Types of BankingWhat is Banking?Banking denotes the network of financial institutions comprising commercial banks, credit unions, savings banks, and other financial services firms. The banking sector is highly regulated to ensure the stability of national currencies and economies. It serves as the backbone for pers 7 min read Meaning and Benefits of e-Bankinge-banking is the result of the internet and e-commerce. e-Banking is a service provided by the banks, in which a customer is allowed to conduct transactions using the internet. It is an electronic payment system that allows users(customers) of any financial institutions(banks, insurance companies, b 4 min read Insurance : Meaning, Definitions and FunctionsWhat is Insurance?Insurance is a legal contract (insurance policy) agreed upon between the two parties, namely the insurance firm (also known as the insurer) and the individual or group (known as insured). It is a method that spreads the loss likely to be caused by an unknown occurrence among a numb 4 min read Principles of InsuranceA contract signed between two parties, through which one party agrees or promises to cover the loss suffered by another party by receiving some money (consideration) in return is known as Insurance. The party which agrees to cover the loss for the other one is called the insurer, and the party whose 9 min read Fire Insurance: Meaning, Claim for Loss (Conditions) and Elements of Fire Insurance ContractWhat is Insurance? A contract or agreement under which one party agrees in return for a consideration to pay an agreed amount of money to another party to make a loss, damage or injury to something of value in which the insured has a pecuniary interest as a result of some uncertain event is known as 3 min read Marine Insurance : Importance, Types, Advantages & DisadvantagesWhat is Marine Insurance? Marine insurance is a contract in which the insurer agrees to compensate the insured against maritime losses in the way and to the extent agreed upon. Maritime insurance protects against loss caused by marine hazards or perils of the sea. Marine risks include ship collision 7 min read Difference between Life, Marine, and Fire InsuranceIndividuals and property owners in the modern world use insurance as one of the most important safety nets. Insurance is essentially a bond that you sign with a bank or your insurance provider, in which the insurance provider promises to pay you a specific amount in the event of an emergency or if y 4 min read Communication Services: Postal and Telecom ServicesCommunication is a two-way process in which information or messages are sent from one person or group to another. This process continues with at least one sender and recipient passing on the messages. These messages can be any combination of ideas, imagination, emotions, or thoughts. Meaning of Comm 5 min read Types of General InsuranceA contract between two parties, whereby one party agrees to indemnify or cover the loss suffered by the other party for a consideration of some money(premium) is known as Insurance. Insurance policies protect against the numerous forms of uncertainty that might occur in a person's life. Insurance pr 5 min read Warehousing Services: Meaning, Types, and FunctionWhat is Warehousing? When goods are held in stock to make them available as and when required, it is known as Warehousing. It helps businesses to overcome the problems of storage and makes goods available when needed and thus, helping in maintaining prices at a reasonable level. It is a planned plac 6 min read Chapter 5: Emerging Modes of BusinessIntroduction to Emerging Modes of BusinessDigitization, Outsourcing, and Globalisation are some of the strongest trends that are shaping business across the world. The way business is done has undergone some fundamental changes, in the last decade or so we are introduced to some different types and modes of business. 'Mode of Business' can 7 min read Scope of e-Business : B2B | B2C | C2C | Intra B-CommerceWhat is e-business?Conducting business activities over internet or any other computer network is known as e-business or electronic business. e-business electronically covers the conduct of the activities involved in business activities, like trade, commerce and industry. Computer networks which are 5 min read Benefits of E-commerceWhat is E-commerce?E-commerce, also known as Electronic Commerce, refers to the purchase and sale of goods and services through the Internet. The first online transaction occurred in 1994 when a guy sold a Sting CD to a friend via his website Net Market, an American retail platform. This is the firs 4 min read Difference between E-business and Traditional BusinessE-business and traditional business are two ways of conducting business through the Internet and local stores respectively. Even though both are ways of performing business and selling goods and services, they are different from each other. Table of Content What is E-business?What is Traditional bus 3 min read What is an Online Transaction?Business transactions conducted through the internet are called online transactions. It is a payment method that aims to settle money transfers or funds settlements via electronic mode. It also requires security and protection using basic methods like password protection and OTP verification to safe 4 min read Types of e-business RisksWhat is e-business Risk? Unlike arm's length transactions in physical exchange, online transactions are subject to a number of risks. The probability of any mishap resulting in financial, reputational, or psychological losses to the parties involved in a transaction is referred to as risk. Because o 4 min read Outsourcing : Meaning, Features, Scope, Types of OSP & BPOWhat is Outsourcing?Contracting out non-core and regular activities in which a company lacks competence to other agencies in order to benefit from their experience, knowledge, and efficiency is called Outsourcing. It is a business practice, known as contracting out or business process outsourcing in 9 min read Concern Over OutsourcingEvery organisation is not competent in every activity, and to get those things done properly and efficiently, it needs to outsource some of its activities from outside. This contracting out of some activities that were earlier performed by the company itself to a third party is known as Outsourcing. 2 min read Chapter 6: Social Responsibilities of Business and Business EthicsSocial Responsibilities of a Business and its NeedWhat is Social Responsibility?An organization's obligation to make decisions and perform them for the benefit of society and its values is known as the social responsibility of a business. An organization performs different activities to fulfill its profit-earning motive and satisfy the needs of so 5 min read Types of Social Responsibilities of a BusinessWhat is Social Responsibility?An organization's obligation to make decisions and perform them for the benefit of society and its values is known as the social responsibility of a business. It is assumed under social responsibilities that businesses will respect the values and aspirations of society 3 min read Business Ethics : Meaning, Benefits and ElementsWhat is Business Ethics?Business ethics refers to the set of principles or standards that govern the moral conduct of business. It is concerned with the relationship between the techniques, practices, and objectives of an organization. Business ethics says that businesses have to be honest with them 6 min read Social Responsibility towards Different Interest GroupsA business is a part of society and it gets the manpower and resources required for the accomplishment of different activities from society. It means that the existence of a business depends upon society, and hence an organization should not ignore its responsibilities toward society. In other words 6 min read Business & Environmental Protection: Causes, Types, Role & Need for Pollution ControlWhat is Business and Environmental Protection?Environmental protection is a serious issue that business leaders and decision-makers must confront. The term "environment" refers to the totality of man's surroundings, both natural and man-made. These surroundings are also made up of resources that are 7 min read Chapter 7: Formation of a Company (Not in CBSE Curriculum for the Academic Year 2022-23)Steps in the Formation of a CompanyModern-day business requires a large amount of funds. The competition and change in the technological environment are also increasing day by day. As a result, the company form of organization is being preferred by more and more business firms. The formation of a company involves several steps, that 6 min read Promotion of a Company: Meaning, Documents and Steps InvolvedWhat is Promotion of a Company?Promotion entails conceiving a business opportunity and taking the initiative to form a company so that the available business opportunity can be given practical form. The first phase of a company's formation is Promotion. Aside from conceiving business opportunities, 9 min read Incorporation of a Company & Documents Required for ItWhat is Incorporation?Incorporation is the legal process of forming a corporate entity or firm. A new legal entity is a corporation that separates the firm's assets and earnings from its owners and investors. Corporations can be formed in almost any country and are often identified as such by the us 6 min read Difference between Articles of Association (AOA) and Memorandum of Association (MOA)The formation of a company is a complex activity including many formalities and procedures. It has different stages and in every stage of the formation of the company there lies a set of documents and pre-defined procedures, it has to fulfil for starting a business. Article of Association and Memora 5 min read Steps required for raising Funds from PublicWhat is Capital Subscription? Capital Subscription is known to be a very important step in the process of the formation of a company. This step is a must for any public company before it can commence its business operations. But what does actually 'Capital Subscription' mean? It means that once the 6 min read One Person Company: Meaning and CharacteristicsOn the basis of ownership, a company can be of three types: 1. One Person Company 2. Private Company 3. Public Company. The Companies Act, of 2013, introduced a number of ideas that had never before been used in Indian corporate law. One such major shift was the emergence of the one-person company c 3 min read Chapter 8: Sources of Business FinanceBusiness Finance and Its SourcesWhat is Business FinanceFinance required by the business to establish and run its operations is known as Business Finance. No business can function without an adequate amount of funds for undertaking various activities. To be able to produce goods or provide services, any business needs money. Longe 11 min read Business Finance: Meaning, Nature, and SignificanceWhat is Business Finance? Finance is the lifeblood of any business. The mere inception of a business idea is not enough, it can only be brought to fruition given there are enough funds to enable all such functions. The basic function of every organization is to either manufacture goods or offer serv 5 min read Sources of Funds and its ClassificationOperating a business in this dynamic world is not an easy task. Every business requires funds to operate and carry out various activities, and without funds, there is no future for any organization. Therefore, finance is called the lifeblood of any business. There is always an initial amount of capi 4 min read What are the different Sources of Finance?Business is concerned with the production and distribution of goods and services to meet demands. Finance is required by businesses to carry out many activities. As a result, finance is said to as the "vital blood" of any business. Business finance refers to a company's need for finances to carry ou 8 min read Retained Earnings : Meaning, Features, Advantages and LimitationsWhat are Retained Earnings?Retained Earnings are that part of the profits of an organisation, which remains with it after meeting all its operating expenses and paying out dividends to all the shareholders. The organization intends to keep this surplus amount with itself in the form of reserves and 4 min read Trade Credit : Advantages and DisadvantagesWhat is Trade Credit?Trade credit is credit given by one merchant to another for the purchase of products and services. Trade credit allows for the purchase of materials without the need for immediate payment. Such credits appear as 'sundry creditors' or 'accounts payable in the records of the buyer 3 min read Advantages and Disadvantages of FactoringA financial service under which a 'factor' provides various services, like discounting of bills and providing information about the credit worthiness of prospective clients, etc., is known as Factoring. Table of Content What Services does Factoring Include?Advantages of FactoringDisadvantages of Fac 4 min read Lease Financing : Meaning, Advantages and DisadvantagesLease financing is a popular medium and long-term financing option in which the owner of an asset grant another person the right to use the asset in exchange for a periodic payment. The asset's owner is known as the lessor, and the user is known as the lessee. A contract is to be made between the le 4 min read Public Deposits: Advantages and DisadvantagesWhat is Public Deposits? Public deposits are deposits collected directly from the public by organisations. Interest rates on public deposits are typically higher than those on bank deposits. Anyone who is interested in making a monetary contribution to an organisation may do so by completing a presc 3 min read Commercial Paper : Features and TypesWhat is Commercial Paper?A Commercial Paper (CP) is a short-period 90 to 364 day, unsecured promissory note that is issued by a company to raise funds (usually for the inventories, finance, and temporary liabilities). It is issued by one organization (Primary Dealers (PD) and All-India Financial Ins 4 min read Advantages and Disadvantages of Commercial PaperWhat is a Commercial Paper? A Commercial Paper (CP) is a short-period 90 to 364 day, unsecured promissory note that is issued by a company to raise funds (usually for the inventories, finance, and temporary liabilities). It is issued by one organization (Primary Dealers (PD) and All-India Financial 2 min read Issue of Shares : Meaning and Types of SharesWhat is Issue of Shares?Share capital is capital obtained through the issuance of shares. A company's capital is divided into small units called shares. Each share has a nominal value. For example, a company can issue 2,00,000 shares of Rs. 10 each for a total of Rs. 20,00,000. The person who holds 5 min read Equity Shares : Merits and DemeritsWhat are Equity Shares?A company's most important source of long-term capital is equity shares. Because equity shares represent a company's ownership, the capital raised through the issuance of such shares is known as ownership capital or owner's funds. A company must have equity share capital in or 5 min read Preference Shares : Features, Types, Merits and DemeritsWhat are Preference Shares?Preference shares are those shares that are issued with features like preferential claim to dividends and capital repayment with a fixed rate of return. Preference share capital is the capital acquired through the issuance of preferred shares. There are two ways in which p 5 min read Debenture : Meaning, Types, Advantages, and DisadvantagesWhat is Debenture?A debenture can be described as a debt instrument issued by a company to the public in order to raise funds for medium or long-term usage. It is just like a bank loan, with debt obligation and liability for interest payment, but instead of borrowing from a bank, these are issued an 5 min read Commercial Banks : Features, Advantages & DisadvantagesWhat are Commercial Banks?A commercial bank is a financial institution that provides services like accepting deposits, granting loans, bank overdrafts, offering certificates of deposits, and savings accounts to individuals and businesses. Commercial banks are considered to be an important component 6 min read Advantages and Disadvantages of Financial InstitutionsFinancial Institutions refer to a business establishment that serves as a link between the savers and investors and helps them to channelize the funds into different investing options. Financial Institutions are the financial intermediaries that accept deposits from the general public (their savings 3 min read International Financing: Meaning and Sources of International FinancingWhat is International Financing?When LPG (Liberalisation, Privatisation And Globalisation) was accepted by the country in 1991, the aspect of Globalisation broadened the avenues with which businesses can arrange funds. Prior to this policy, firms were constrained only to the four walls of the countr 8 min read Factors Affecting the Choice of the Source of FundsEvery organization requires capital to run its daily operations. The initial capital of a firm can never be sufficient for the proper running of the business. Therefore, it has to identify and estimate the financial needs and different sources from where funds can be arranged. A business can run its 4 min read Chapter 9: Small BusinessMSME and Business EntrepreneurshipThe size of a business in small industries and business establishments is a major issue. Several parameters can be used to measure the size of business units. These include the number of people employed in a business, capital invested in a business, the volume of output or value of the output of a b 9 min read Importance and Types of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)Intellectual Property Rights or IPR refers to the legal rights that creators or owners have over their intellectual properties.Intellectual Property, sometimes known as IP, refers to the creations of the human mind, exclusive to a single person. Intellectual Property includes inventions, literature 7 min read Like