Classification of Animal Kingdom
Last Updated : 08 Sep, 2023
The classification of the animal kingdom is the process of classifying animals in a hierarchy. A predetermined number of levels, such as kingdom, family, or genus, form the basis of the ranking system. Depending on the goal of the categorization, the basis for that classification may change. A biological classification typically uses evolutionary and morphological similarities as its foundation.
Animal Kingdom: Basis of Classification
The animal kingdom, which includes all animals, is the largest of the five kingdoms. Animals share the same mechanism of nourishment, known as the heterotrophic mode, as plants do. They are multicellular eukaryotes, lack a cell wall and chlorophyll, and are eukaryotes. They are connected to their cell arrangement, body symmetry, level of organization, coelom, existence or absence of notochord, etc. in addition to these similarities. The animal kingdom has been divided into 11 separate phyla based on these characteristics.
Animals are classified according to a number of fundamental characteristics, which include:
- Levels of Organization
- Symmetry
- Diploblastic and Triploblastic Organization
- Coelom development
- Segmentation of the body and
- Presence or absence of Notochord.
Levels of Organization
In this category, the organisms are divided on the basis of the level of functioning they have in their systems as explained as follows:
- Cellular level: This category is for those animals in which cells are arranged as loose aggregates. For e.g. Sponges.
- Tissue level: Organisms in which cells perform the same function get arranged as tissues fall under this category. For e.g. Coelenterates.
- Organ level: In many organisms, there is an organ level of organizations, which means that tissues performing the same activities are grouped together to form an organ. Each organ has its specific function. For e.g. Platyhelminthes.
- Organ system level: This type of organization is seen more commonly in many species. For e.g., Arthropods, Echinoderms, Chordates etc. represent that organs form a group to perform a functioning system where every system (group of organs) is assigned to perform a certain physiological function.
Symmetry
Symmetry in animals represents the similar parts or proportions formed after the division of the organism by any plane through its axis. On the basis of the symmetry, the animal kingdom is divided into three parts.
- Asymmetrical: The organism which shows no symmetry after division through any axis are called asymmetrical organisms. For e.g. Sponges.
- Radial Symmetry: The organism which divides into two exactly equal parts when any plane passes through the axis. Such organisms are called radially symmetrical. For e.g. Ctenophores, Coelenterates etc.
- Bilateral Symmetry: Only one plane divides the body into two exact, equal halves. Such species are known as bilaterally symmetrical. For e.g. Molluscs, Arthropods etc.
Diploblastic and Triploblastic Organization
At the blastula stage of the organism, the presence of the number of germ layers defines whether the organism is diploblastic or triploblastic.
- Diploblastic organisms: If an organism is having two germ layers in the adult stage, i.e. ectoderm and endoderm. Such organisms are called diploblastic organisms. For e.g. Cnidarians and Ctenophores.
- Triploblastic organisms: As an adult, the organism is having three embryonic germ layers i.e. ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Such organisms are called triploblastic organisms. For e.g. Platyhelminthes, Chordates etc.
Coelom Development
The main cavity in the body of an organism is called a coelom. Mesoderm lines the coelom. On the basis of the presence or absence of coelom, organisms are divided into three categories as follows.
- Acoelomate: Organisms in which coelom or cavity is absent are known as acoelomates. For e.g. Platyhelminthes.
- Coelomate: Organisms having proper cavity or coelom are called coelomate. For e.g. Annelids, Molluscs, Arthropods etc.
- Pseudocoelomates: These organisms have pseudo coelom i.e. they don't have a proper cavity, and it's often known as a false cavity. They have patches of mesoderm, so the cavity is not lined by mesoderm. For e.g. Aschelminthes.
Segmentation of the Body
The organisms which have particular patterns on their body or segments come under this category. For e.g. Arthropods, Chordates, Annelids etc.
Presence or Absence of Notochord
Rod-like structure originated from mesoderm and provides support to organisms in the embryonic stage and as adults. Organisms are characterized by the presence and absence of notochord.
- Chordata -Organisms having notochord are known as chordates. For e.g. Vertebrates, mammals, tunicates etc.
- Non-Chordata - Organisms who lack notochord are called non-chordates. For e.g. Platyhelminthes, Ctenophores, Annelids etc.
Animal Kingdom Classification
The presence or absence of the notochord is one of the most basic criteria utilized to classify animals. Thus, there are two main categories: Chordates and Non-chordates. The flexible notochord is formed of a substance that resembles cartilage. An animal is known as a chordate if it has a notochord at any point in its existence. Contrary to popular assumption, chordates do not only include vertebrates. Invertebrates are categorized as chordates because they may at some point in their lives have a notochord. Thus, all chordates are vertebrates, but not all vertebrates are chordates.
Chordates
All vertebrates, or animals with backbones, as well as several invertebrates, or living organisms without backbones, are members of the Phylum Chordata, which is a subclass of the Kingdom Animalia. They have a bilaterally symmetrical body and are classified into three distinct sub-phyla.
Classification of Chordates
The three following subphyla make up the Phylum Chordata:
- Urochordata (tunicates)
- Cephalochordata (lancelets)
- Vertebrata (vertebrates).
Urochordata
It is also referred to as a "tunicate" because the adult's body is covered with a tunic made of a cellulose-like substance called tunicin. Only during the larval stage can the notochord be observed; once an adult, it is gone. In adults, a dorsal ganglion takes the role of the nerve cord that exists in larvae. The larva transforms and has the ability to move.
Example: Ascidia, Salpa, and Doliolum.
Cephalochordata
There is an atrium present in cephalochordata. Both the adult and larval stages are movable. Throughout life, there is a tail. They undergo gradual transformation. All throughout life, the notochord is present. They have numerous, well-developed pharyngeal gill slits.
Example: Lancelets are born with the notochord and nerve cord. But unlike Branchiostoma, they don't have a brain or a skeletal spinal column.
Vertebrata
These evolved chordates have a skull that surrounds their brains. In adults, a spinal column takes the place of the notochord. This explains the expression that "all chordates are vertebrates, but all chordates are not vertebrates". High levels of cephalization are seen. The epidermis has several layers. They are made up of three different muscle types: cardiac, striped, and unstriped. They have an advanced coelom. The gastrointestinal tract is developed. There are three or four chambers in the heart. Their respiratory and excretory systems have grown considerably. All mammals have endocrine glands. With the exception of hogfish, all are sexually reproducing and unisexual.
Example: Humans.
Subphylum of Vertebrata
Vertebrata is further sub-divided into:
- Pisces (Fishes): They are aquatic organisms with a sleek body and a pair of fins that are utilized for movement and propulsion. Example: Rohu, Catla.
- Amphibia: They often consist of animals with cold blood that need an aquatic environment to lay their eggs. These organisms can breathe through their two pairs of limbs and their smooth, moist skin. Example: Frog, Toad.
- Reptilia: Ectothermic (cold-blooded) species are included in the class Reptilia. They are distinguished by osteoderms, which produce scales, bony plates, or skin scutes. Example: Tortoise, Snake.
- Aves (Birds): The majority of members have sleek bodies that are especially made to provide little air resistance while flying. Such birds have modified forelimbs that function as wings, with the breast muscles providing the force. Example: Parrot, Pigeon.
- Mammalia: Mammary glands are a defining characteristic of these organisms. They have two sets of limbs for activities such as walking, grabbing, swimming, and flying. The digits have claws, nails, or hooves. Example: Monkeys, Humans.
Characteristics of Chordates
The Phylum Chordata has the following distinguishing characteristics:
Notochord
It is a long, cartilaginous rod that connects the nervous system and the digestive system. In all vertebrates, it serves as a support for the nerve cord and is eventually replaced by the vertebral column.
Dorsal Nerve Cord
The brain and spinal cord are separated from the bundle of nerves that runs along the "back" of the body. It lies dorsal to the notochord and is hollow.
Pharyngeal Slits
They are the holes that connect the mouth and throat and permit water to enter the body through the mouth without going through the digestive system. These holes on the lateral sides of the pharynx are present in all chordates at some point in their development.
Post Anal Tail
It is the body's extension to the anus. In chordates, the tail is made up of skeletal muscles that aid in locomotion in species that resemble fish. The majority of adult Chordates lack it.
Non-Chordates
Animals without a notochord, an elastic rod-like structure that supports the body, are known as non-chordates. A tiny group of marine animals that resemble worms and are organized at the organ-system level make up this phylum. Non-chordates comprise the phyla Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Hemichordata.
Characteristics of Non-Chordates:
Non-Chordates have the following general identifying characteristics:
- They are animals that are cylindric, triploblastic, coelomate, or pseudocoelomate.
- These creatures breathe through their gills, trachea, or body surface.
- Most of the time, members cannot be separated based on gender.
- Both sexual and asexual reproductive methods are available.
- Although certain animals also experience internal fertilization, fertilization is external in nature.
- Non-chordates typically have an open circulatory system in their bodies.
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Difference between Dicot and Monocot RootFlowering plants are also called angiosperms. The anatomy of flowering plants includes the organization of cells and tissues within the bodies of flowering plants. Plants are eukaryotic life forms that are portrayed by their capacity to deliver their own food. They give oxygen, food, and medication
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Monocot and Dicot Stems - Definition, Structure, Characteristics, ExamplesFlowering Plants (Blooming plants) are really characterized into two classes in light of their undeveloped organism, called Monocotyledonous (monocot) plants and Dicotyledonous plants. Allow us to figure out additional about these plants. We can undoubtedly see the underlying similitudes and varieti
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Describe the Internal Structure of a Dorsiventral LeafFlowering plants are also known as angiosperms. The anatomy of flowering plants includes the organization of cells and tissues within the bodies of a flowering plant. Tissues are formed by a group of cells to perform a function. Flowers are known as the reproductive part of the plant since they play
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Isobilateral (Monocotyledonous) Leaf - Definition, Features, Structure, ExamplesOn account of the isobilateral leaf, the mesophyll tissue in the leaves isn't separated. It consists of either just springy or palisade parenchyma cells. These sorts of leaves are comparative in an appearance on both sides and, subsequently, are called isobilateral kinds of leaves. On account of the
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Secondary GrowthTerm tissue ( French word meaning woven ) was used by N.Grew (1682) the father of plant anatomy. Nageli is regarded as the father of Modern Anatomy. A cell is the functional and structural unit of life. A tissue is a group of cells having a common origin, the same method of development, and function
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Cork CambiumThe study of an organism's internal structure is called anatomy. Histology, or the study of tissue organization and structure, is a component of plant anatomy research. Anatomy reveals the structural adaptation to various settings and reveals the structural differences of various groups of plants. T
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Chapter 7: Structural Organization In Animals
NCERT Notes of Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in AnimalsNotes on NCERT for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals: Structural organization in animals refers to the arrangement of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems that work together through the division of labour and ensure the survival of the whole body. In this article, yo
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Structural Organization in AnimalsEvery living organism is made up of cells. The basic structural organization of any multicellular living organism is as follows: Cells-Tissue-Organ-Organ System Structural Organization in Animals For a living thing to be called living, it must have a cell. Every organism starts with the fundamental
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Epithelial Tissue - Introduction, Characteristics, Types, ImportanceEpithelial tissue is what makes up this part of the animal's anatomy, and it may be found on both the outside and the inside of the body. The body structure of multicellular organisms is more complicated than that of unicellular organisms, in which every important cellular function, such as nutritio
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Connective Tissue - Definition, Functions, Types, ExamplesThe connective tissue is a type of tissue that supports, binds, or separates other tissues and organs in the body. Understanding the connective tissue type and function helps in learning about the tissue system in organisms. Connective tissue with a fluid matrix such as blood, circulates throughout
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Organ SystemThe cell is the smallest fundamental unit in animals. It is where the structural organization begins. Additionally, tissues are made up of a collection of cells with comparable functions. Organs are created when tissues group together to carry out particular tasks. Cells⇢Tissues⇢Organs⇢Organ system.
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Morphology of EarthwormThe morphology of earthworms can be described as a cylindrical, segmented body covered by a moist cuticle that facilitates respiration through their skin. Understanding the external and internal morphology of earthworms along with other characteristics helps in analyzing their role in soil health, n
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Earthworm AnatomyEarthworms, otherwise called rancher's companion (farmer's friend) comes under the Annelida phylum. Their home is soil and feeds upon the organic matter. Varieties of the organic entity found in India are Pheretima and Lumbricus. They're rosy brown in variety and their body is in a state of an exten
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Morphology of CockroachThe primary association in creatures begins from the littlest key unit—the cell. Furthermore, a gathering of cells that carry out a comparable role structures tissues. At the point when tissues assemble to carry out unambiguous roles, they structure organs. Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ system. W
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Anatomy of CockroachThe basic association in creatures begins from the littlest, critical unit—the cell. The cell is the basic unit of any living organism. Furthermore, a gathering of cells that carry out a comparable role structures tissues. At the point when tissues assemble to carry out unambiguous roles, they struc
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Morphology and Anatomy of FrogsAnimals' structural organization begins with their smallest basic unit, the cell. Additionally, tissues are made up of a collection of cells with comparable functions. Organs are created when tissues come together to carry out particular tasks. Frog Frogs are tailed, carnivorous amphibians that are
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Chapter 8: Cell-The Unit of Life
Cell the Unit of Life Class 11 Notes CBSE Biology Chapter 8Class 11 Biology NCERT Notes for Chapter 8 Cell The Unit of Life: Cells are the basic units of life and serve as the building blocks of all living organisms. They differ in structure, composition, and function, but have similarities. The human body is made up of more than trillions of cells. They gi
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Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic cells are single-celled organisms that lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their genetic material is present in a nucleoid region. They are normally smaller than eukaryotic cells, with a size range of 0.1 to 5 μm in diameter. Prokaryotic cells for example bacteria and arch
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Cell Envelope - Definition, Classification, Types, FunctionsAll living things are produced using at least one cell. A cell is the most straightforward unit of life and they are liable for keeping a living being alive and working. This prologue to cells is the beginning stage for the area of science that concentrates on the different sorts of cells and how th
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Ribosomes and Inclusion BodiesThe cell is the structural and functional unit of life. The prokaryotic cells constitute bacteria, blue-green algae, mycoplasma, and PPLO( Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms). The size of prokaryotic cells is usually small ( 0.1- 5.0 μm ). It has one envelope organization. In prokaryotes, DNA is naked,
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Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic cells include all the protists, plants, animals, and fungi. It forms the domain Eukaryota and possesses an organized nucleus with a nuclear envelope. Their genetic material is organized into chromosomes. Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles like Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endo
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Cell MembraneThe cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, bounds the cell. The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids. It is a selectively permeable membrane that binds the cell and separates the cell from the outside environment. In this article, we will study cell membrane structure, functio
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Endomembrane System - Overview, Structure, and FunctionsCell is the fundamental and structural unit of all living entity. It is the biological, structural, and functional unit of all plants and animals. cells are the ‘Building Blocks of Life’ or the ‘Basic units of Life’. Organisms made up of a single cell are ‘unicellular’ whereas organisms made up of m
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MitochondriaMitochondria is a double membrane organelle present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria generates energy in the form of ATP because of which mitochondria is known as the "powerhouse of the cell". In 1857 Albert von Kolliker first discovered the organelle and Carl Benda in 1898 gav
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Golgi ApparatusGolgi apparatus is an organelle found in most of the eukaryotes. It consists of a series of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae. These cisternae are present one over the other to form the Golgi complex. It is responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles before secretion and therefore plays
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Plastids - Definition, Classification, Structure, FunctionsPlastids are cell organelles that are found in green plants and algae. Plastids are responsible for containing photosynthetic pigments, other coloring pigments, starch, proteins, fats, etc. substances. The credit for the discovery of plastid goes to Ernst Haeckel, however, the proper definition of p
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RibosomesRibosomes are cellular structures responsible for translating genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. Ribosomes are made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. They are the site of protein synthesis. The ribosome structure consists of two subunits, a small subunit and a large subun
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Cytoskeleton - Definition, Structure, Components, FunctionsThe cytoskeleton is an elaborate network of associated protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells. In 1903 Nikolai K.Koltsov coined the term cytoskeleton. It is situated between the membrane of the cell and the cell nucleus. What is Cytoskeleton?The cytoskeleton is a complex structure t
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Cilia And Flagella - Definition, Structure, Functions and FAQsCilia and Flagella are cell organelles that enable cells to move or protect themselves from their surroundings. The human eye is unable to see these. The prokaryotic flagella are structurally distinct from the eukaryotic flagella. Cilia and Flagella are extensions that help to move substances around
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What is Nucleus? | Class 11 BiologyThe cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. In biology, the cell has the same central position as that of an atom in the physical sciences. The bodies of living organisms are made up of microscopic units called cells. Cells have evolved a variety of different lifestyles
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Chapter 9: Biomolecules
Biomolecules - Definition, Structure, Classification, ExamplesBiomolecules is a chemical compound found in living organisms. They are the building blocks of life, essential for the functioning of living organisms. Biomolecules include protein, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes, and nucleic acids. They vary in size and structure. Biomolecules are crucial for life
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How To Analyze Chemical Composition?Biomolecules can be defined as the carbon-containing intensifies which are available in both living and non-living things. They are engaged with the support and metabolic cycles of living creatures. Every one of the components intensifies, which are available to make up every living animal. Biomolec
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What are Metabolites - Primary and Secondary MetabolitesMetabolites are the intermediate molecules produced during various metabolic processes. Metabolites produced by plants are of two types - primary and secondary metabolites. The metabolites examples are antibiotics, glucose, amino acids, etc. Metabolite functions include signalling molecules, defence
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Biomacromolecules - Definition, Types, Functions, SignificanceBiomolecule, also called biological molecules, is any of various substances that are created by cells and living creatures. Biomolecules have many sizes and designs and play out a huge range of capabilities. The four significant kinds of biomolecules are carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. A
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Proteins - Definition, Structure, Significance, ExamplesBiomolecules seem to be the most important kind of organic molecules since they play a role in the upkeep and metabolic activities of living creatures. These non-living molecules are the true footsoldiers fighting for the sustenance of life, and they play an essential role to lead a healthy life in
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PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of multiple sugar (monosaccharide) units linked together. They are essential macromolecules in biology and serve various functions in living organisms. Polysaccharides play a crucial role in energy storage, structural support, and cellular recognitio
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Nucleic Acid - Definition, Function, Structure, and TypesThe nucleic acid is an important molecule in living organisms. Nucleic acid functions as the blueprint for genetic information. Understanding the nucleic acid structure and functions helps in deciphering the genetic code, which contains instructions for building and maintaining living organisms. In
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Protein Structure - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, QuaternaryBiomolecules, additionally called natural particles, are any of various substances that are created by cells and living creatures. Biomolecules have many sizes and designs and play out an immense range of capabilities. The four significant sorts of biomolecules are fat, lipids, nucleic acids, and pr
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Metabolic Basis For Living | CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 9Biomolecules are the fundamental building blocks of all living things. They work together to promote various biological processes that are required for life. They differ in structure and size. Hydrogen and oxygen are the two most abundant elements in biomolecules. Within the body, living systems syn
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Enzymes - Definition, Structure, Classification, ExamplesEnzymes are biological molecules that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical responses in living organisms. They work by lowering the activation energy needed for a response to do, therefore adding the rate of the response without being consumed themselves. Enzymes play pivotal places in colorful na
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Nature of Enzyme ActionAll the carbon-based compounds that are seen in or produced by living organisms and are necessary to a biological cycle are called biomolecules. Examples of biomolecules include proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Even molecules such as metabolites are considered biomolecules. Enzyme
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Mechanism of Enzymes ActionDifferent types of cells, tissue, and other complex organs together form the human body. Our body releases some chemicals for the effective functioning of the body and to improve biological processes such as respiration, digestion, excretion, and a few other metabolic activities to maintain a health
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Factors Affecting Enzyme ActivityThe factors affecting enzyme activity include temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and the presence of inhibitors or activators. Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes are made up of proteins that are highly specifi
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CofactorsCofactors are non-protein chemical compounds or metallic ions that are essential for an enzyme's biological activity. They can be organic molecules, called coenzymes, or inorganic ions. The cofactor's function is to assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions by stabilizing transition states, enhancing s
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