Basics Of Python Modules

Last Updated : 24 Jan, 2022

A library refers to a collection of modules that together cater to a specific type of needs or application. Module is a file(.py file) containing variables, class definitions statements, and functions related to a particular task. Python modules that come preloaded with Python are called standard library modules.

Creating our module

We will be creating a module named tempConversion.py that converts values from F to C and vice-versa.

Python3

# tempConversion.py to convert between # between Fahrenheit and Centigrade  # function to convert F to C def to_centigrade(x):       return 5 * (x - 32) / 9.0  # function to convert C to F def to_fahrenheit(x):        return 9 * x / 5.0 + 32  # constants  # water freezing temperature(in Celsius) FREEZING_C = 0.0    # water freezing temperature(in Fahrenheit)      FREEZING_F = 32.0

Now save this python file and the module is created. This module can be used in other programs after importing it.

Importing a module

In python, in order to use a module, it has to be imported. Python provides multiple ways to import modules in a program :

To import the entire module :

import module_name

To import only a certain portion of the module :

from module_name import object_name

To import all the objects of the module :

from module_name import *

Using an imported module

After importing the module, we can use any function/definition of the imported module as per the following syntax:

module_name.function_name()

This way of referring to the module’s object is called dot notation.
If we import a function using from, there is no need to mention the module name and the dot notation to use that function.
Example 1 : Importing the whole module :

Python3

# importing the module import tempConversion  # using a function of the module print(tempConversion.to_centigrade(12))  # fetching an object of the module print(tempConversion.FREEZING_F)

Output :

-11.11111111111111 32.0

Example 2 : Importing particular components of the module :

Python3

# importing the to_fahrenheit() method from tempConversion import to_fahrenheit  # using the imported method print(to_fahrenheit(20))  # importing the FREEZING_C object from tempConversion import FREEZING_C  # printing the imported variable print(FREEZING_C)

Output :

68.0 0.0

Python standard library functions

The python interpreter has a number of functions built into it that are always available. To use these built-in functions of python directly call the functions, like function_name(). Some built-in library functions are : input(), int(), float() etc

Python3

num = 5 print("Number entered = ", num)  # oct() converts to octal number-string onum = oct(num)     # hex() converts to hexadecimal number-string      hnum = hex(num)          print("Octal conversion yields", onum) print("Hexadecimal conversion yields", hnum) print(num)

Output :

Number entered = 5 Octal conversion yields 0o5 Hexadecimal conversion yields 0x5 5

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