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Eubacteria - Structure, Characteristics, Classification, and Types
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Archaebacteria

Last Updated : 21 Apr, 2025
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Archaebacteria is a group of microorganisms that are distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes. They thrive in extreme environments, such as hot springs, salt lakes, and deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Studying the Archaebacteria characteristics and Archaebacteria classification helps in their unique adaptations to extreme environments and their evolutionary relationships with other life forms.

In this article, we will cover Archaebacteria in detail.

Table of Content

  • Kingom Monera
  • Archaebacteria Meaning
  • Archaebacteria Characteristics 
  • Classification of Archaebacteria
  • Archaebacteria Habitat
  • Archaebacteria Reproduction
  • Importance of Archaebacteria
  • Archaebacteria Examples

Kingom Monera

Kingdom Monera is the first kingdom in the 5-kingdom classification system. It includes prokaryotic organisms, lacks a nucleus, and most are composed of single-celled organisms. In 1866, Ernst Haeckel was the one who proposed the taxon Monera. There are two divisions of Monera, i.e., Archaebacteria and eubacteria.

This kingdom includes all types of bacteria. The first ever bacteria were discovered by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1675. The oldest known microorganisms which are known on the earth are put under this kingdom. These species lack nuclei and due to this their genetic material is also not enclosed, but it is loose inside the cell of these species. Monera is classified into three subkingdoms which are:

  • Archaebacteria
  • Eubacteria
  • Cyanobacteria

Let’s discuss Archaebacteria in detail.

Archaebacteria Meaning

Archaebacteria, now known as Archaea, are single-celled prokaryotes without a nucleus. Unlike the other two domains, Eubacteria and Cyanobacteria, Archaea possess unique properties that distinguish them from other subkingdoms. Many Archaea cannot be isolated in labs, making their classification challenging and primarily based on gene sequences from environmental samples.

While Archaea and bacteria share similar sizes and shapes, Archaea exhibit diverse forms, such as the flat, square cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi. Additionally, the enzymes involved in Archaea’s translation and transcription processes are more closely related to those of eukaryotes, and some of their metabolic activities also resemble those of eukaryotes.

Archaebacteria

Diagram of Bacterial Cell

Archaebacteria Characteristics 

Some of the important characteristics of Archaebacteria are given below:

  • Archaebacteria Cell Walls: Their cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan, unlike bacteria. Instead, they have unique molecules like pseudopeptidoglycan.
  • Extreme Environments: Archaebacteria can live in extreme conditions such as hot springs, salty lakes, and deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
  • Diverse Metabolism: They can use a variety of energy sources, including hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide, sulfur, and even sunlight (for photosynthetic species).
  • Methanogens: Some archaebacteria produce methane gas as a byproduct of their metabolism. These are called methanogens and are often found in anaerobic environments like swamps and the guts of ruminant animals.
  • No True Nucleus: Like bacteria, archaebacteria are prokaryotes, meaning they lack a true nucleus. Their genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane.
  • Different Membrane Lipids: Their cell membranes have lipids that are different from those found in bacteria and eukaryotes. These lipids help them survive extreme conditions.
  • Genetic Similarities to Eukaryotes: Some of their genetic processes and enzymes are more similar to those found in eukaryotes than those in bacteria, suggesting a closer evolutionary relationship.
  • Reproduction: Archaebacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission, budding, or fragmentation.
  • Resistance to Antibiotics: Many archaebacteria are resistant to antibiotics that affect bacteria, due to differences in their ribosomes and enzymes.

Classification of Archaebacteria

On the basis of phylogenetic relationships, Archaebacteria is divided into 5 divisions which are as follows:

Crenarchaeota

The bacteria which can survive in a wide range of habitats is known as crenarchaeota. They can also survive in extremely high temperatures. To survive extremely high temperatures, there is a need for many special proteins which are present in these bacteria. These bacteria also survive in highly acidic environments.

The usual habitat of these bacteria is hot springs, deep-sea vents, and places where there is super-heated water All the hyperthermophiles, thermoacidophiles, and thermophiles are included in this category of Archaebacteria.

Euryarchaeota

This category is specialized in surviving extreme alkaline conditions. The only bacteria to perform cellular respiration using carbon as an electron receptor is Euryarchaeota. There are only very few bacteria that can produce methane, and those bacteria fall under this category of Archaebacteria. Methanogens and halophiles are included under euryarchaeota.

Korarchaeota

The common factors of crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota are their genes. Common ancestors are present in all three categories. Hyperthermophiles are included under this subcategory as they have the ability to survive extra extremely high temperatures and these bacteria are believed to be the oldest existing bacteria on the earth.

Thaumarchaeota

The bacteria which have the ability to oxidize ammonia are kept under this category.

Nanoarchaeota

Ignicoccus is the genus to which these bacteria belong. These are the obligate symbiont of archaea.

Archaebacteria Habitat

Archaebacteria thrives in diverse habitats.

  • Archaebacteria thrive in extreme environments such as hot springs, acidic lakes, and deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
  • They can withstand high temperatures, acidity, and salinity, making them well-suited for habitats that would be inhospitable to most other organisms.
  • Some Archaebacteria species are found in more moderate environments like soils, marshes, and the digestive tracts of animals.
  • Their ability to colonize such diverse habitats showcases their adaptability and resilience in a wide range of ecological niches.

Archaebacteria Reproduction

Archaebacteria reproduce asexually through methods such as binary fission, budding, or fragmentation, where one parent cell divides to produce genetically identical daughter cells. Some species also exchange genetic material through horizontal gene transfer methods like conjugation, transformation, or transduction.

Importance of Archaebacteria

The importance of Archaebacteria are:

  • Extreme Environment Adaptation: Archaebacteria thrive in extreme environments like hot springs, acidic lakes, and deep-sea hydrothermal vents, contributing to our understanding of life’s adaptability.
  • Biotechnology Applications: Some archaebacteria produce enzymes and proteins with unique properties, valuable for industrial processes like DNA replication, PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and protein engineering.
  • Bioremediation: Certain species of archaebacteria can degrade pollutants and toxins, offering potential solutions for environmental cleanup.
  • Role in Symbiosis: Archaebacteria engage in symbiotic relationships with other organisms, such as methanogens in the gut of ruminant animals helping in digestion.
  • Evolutionary Insights: Studying archaebacteria provides insights into early life forms and evolutionary relationships, shedding light on the origins of cellular life on Earth.

Archaebacteria Examples

Some of the examples of Archaebacteria are:

  • Lokiarchaeota: Found in deep-sea vents at “Loki’s Castle,” these thermophilic bacteria have a unique genome containing genes involved in phagocytosis and maintaining cell shape, suggesting a connection to the origin of eukaryotes.
  • Methanobrevibacter Smithii: Located in the human gut, it produces methane and helps in breaking down complex sugars, playing a crucial role in energy extraction from food and potentially providing protection against colon cancer.
  • Sulfolobus: Thriving in acidic hot springs, Sulfolobus species are known for their ability to withstand extreme temperatures and acidic conditions, contributing to biotechnology research and enzyme production.
  • Methanosarcinales: These methanogenic archaea are found in anaerobic environments such as marshes, sewage sludge, and the digestive tracts of animals, playing a significant role in methane production and the carbon cycle.

Conclusion – Archaebacteria

The Kingdom Monera including prokaryotic organisms, stands as the first classification in the five-kingdom system, with Archaebacteria and eubacteria as its main divisions. Archaebacteria, also known as Archaea, are single-celled prokaryotes devoid of a nucleus, exhibiting unique genetic and biochemical characteristics. Understanding their distinct characteristics sheds light on early life forms and evolutionary relationships, offering insights into the origins of cellular life on Earth. These microorganisms thrive in extreme environments, contributing to biotechnology, symbiotic relationships, and environmental cleanup, showcasing their significance in various scientific domains.

Also Read:

  • Gram Staining
  • Cell Envelope
  • Difference Between Archaea and Bacteria
  • Characteristics and Classification of Monera


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Eubacteria - Structure, Characteristics, Classification, and Types

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Article Tags :
  • Class 11
  • School Biology
  • School Learning
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      Morphology is the branch of biological science that deals with the study of various external features, relative positions, and forms of various organs of various organisms. It is divided into two categories: Internal morphology: It deals with the internal forms of organisms. This type of morphology
      5 min read

    Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants

    • Meristematic Tissues | Class 11 Biology
      Plants have cells as their basic unit, which are organized into tissues, which are then organized into organs. The internal structure of different organs in a plant differs. The monocots and dicots of angiosperms are also anatomically distinct. Internal structures exhibit environmental adaptations a
      7 min read
    • Permanent Tissues
      Plants, just like animals are multicellular eukaryotes. This means that they consist of cells, tissues, and organs each with a special unique function to carry out. A cell is the smallest building block of any organism. A group of cells together forms a tissue, and a group of tissue combine to form
      9 min read
    • Why are Xylem and Phloem called Complex Tissues?
      The xylem and phloem are called complex tissues because they consist of different types of cells with specialized functions working together to transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant. This article will give us a detailed answer to the question "Why are Xylem and Phloem called Co
      7 min read
    • Epidermal Tissue System: Its Functions and Tissue in Plant
      The epidermal tissue system includes several differentiated cell types including epidermal cells, guard cells, subsidiary cells, and epidermal hairs (trichomes). The epidermis tissue system performs numerous functions: such as preventing water loss, regulating gas exchange, secreting metabolic subst
      7 min read
    • Difference between Dicot and Monocot Root
      Flowering plants are also called angiosperms. The anatomy of flowering plants includes the organization of cells and tissues within the bodies of flowering plants. Plants are eukaryotic life forms that are portrayed by their capacity to deliver their own food. They give oxygen, food, and medication
      6 min read
    • Monocot and Dicot Stems - Definition, Structure, Characteristics, Examples
      Flowering Plants (Blooming plants) are really characterized into two classes in light of their undeveloped organism, called Monocotyledonous (monocot) plants and Dicotyledonous plants. Allow us to figure out additional about these plants. We can undoubtedly see the underlying similitudes and varieti
      3 min read
    • Describe the Internal Structure of a Dorsiventral Leaf
      Flowering plants are also known as angiosperms. The anatomy of flowering plants includes the organization of cells and tissues within the bodies of a flowering plant. Tissues are formed by a group of cells to perform a function. Flowers are known as the reproductive part of the plant since they play
      6 min read
    • Isobilateral (Monocotyledonous) Leaf - Definition, Features, Structure, Examples
      On account of the isobilateral leaf, the mesophyll tissue in the leaves isn't separated. It consists of either just springy or palisade parenchyma cells. These sorts of leaves are comparative in an appearance on both sides and, subsequently, are called isobilateral kinds of leaves. On account of the
      9 min read
    • Secondary Growth
      Term tissue ( French word meaning woven ) was used by N.Grew (1682) the father of plant anatomy. Nageli is regarded as the father of Modern Anatomy. A cell is the functional and structural unit of life. A tissue is a group of cells having a common origin, the same method of development, and function
      6 min read
    • Cork Cambium
      The study of an organism's internal structure is called anatomy. Histology, or the study of tissue organization and structure, is a component of plant anatomy research. Anatomy reveals the structural adaptation to various settings and reveals the structural differences of various groups of plants. T
      6 min read

    Chapter 7: Structural Organization In Animals

    • NCERT Notes of Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals
      Notes on NCERT for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals: Structural organization in animals refers to the arrangement of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems that work together through the division of labour and ensure the survival of the whole body. In this article, yo
      8 min read
    • Structural Organization in Animals
      Every living organism is made up of cells. The basic structural organization of any multicellular living organism is as follows: Cells-Tissue-Organ-Organ System Structural Organization in Animals For a living thing to be called living, it must have a cell. Every organism starts with the fundamental
      8 min read
    • Epithelial Tissue - Introduction, Characteristics, Types, Importance
      Epithelial tissue is what makes up this part of the animal's anatomy, and it may be found on both the outside and the inside of the body. The body structure of multicellular organisms is more complicated than that of unicellular organisms, in which every important cellular function, such as nutritio
      13 min read
    • Connective Tissue - Definition, Functions, Types, Examples
      The connective tissue is a type of tissue that supports, binds, or separates other tissues and organs in the body. Understanding the connective tissue type and function helps in learning about the tissue system in organisms. Connective tissue with a fluid matrix such as blood, circulates throughout
      10 min read
    • Organ System
      The cell is the smallest fundamental unit in animals. It is where the structural organization begins. Additionally, tissues are made up of a collection of cells with comparable functions. Organs are created when tissues group together to carry out particular tasks. Cells⇢Tissues⇢Organs⇢Organ system.
      7 min read
    • Morphology of Earthworm
      The morphology of earthworms can be described as a cylindrical, segmented body covered by a moist cuticle that facilitates respiration through their skin. Understanding the external and internal morphology of earthworms along with other characteristics helps in analyzing their role in soil health, n
      4 min read
    • Earthworm Anatomy
      Earthworms, otherwise called rancher's companion (farmer's friend) comes under the Annelida phylum. Their home is soil and feeds upon the organic matter. Varieties of the organic entity found in India are Pheretima and Lumbricus. They're rosy brown in variety and their body is in a state of an exten
      9 min read
    • Morphology of Cockroach
      The primary association in creatures begins from the littlest key unit—the cell. Furthermore, a gathering of cells that carry out a comparable role structures tissues. At the point when tissues assemble to carry out unambiguous roles, they structure organs. Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ system. W
      6 min read
    • Anatomy of Cockroach
      The basic association in creatures begins from the littlest, critical unit—the cell. The cell is the basic unit of any living organism. Furthermore, a gathering of cells that carry out a comparable role structures tissues. At the point when tissues assemble to carry out unambiguous roles, they struc
      6 min read
    • Morphology and Anatomy of Frogs
      Animals' structural organization begins with their smallest basic unit, the cell. Additionally, tissues are made up of a collection of cells with comparable functions. Organs are created when tissues come together to carry out particular tasks. Frog Frogs are tailed, carnivorous amphibians that are
      6 min read

    Chapter 8: Cell-The Unit of Life

    • Cell the Unit of Life Class 11 Notes CBSE Biology Chapter 8
      Class 11 Biology NCERT Notes for Chapter 8 Cell The Unit of Life: Cells are the basic units of life and serve as the building blocks of all living organisms. They differ in structure, composition, and function, but have similarities. The human body is made up of more than trillions of cells. They gi
      15+ min read
    • Prokaryotic Cells
      Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms that lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their genetic material is present in a nucleoid region. They are normally smaller than eukaryotic cells, with a size range of 0.1 to 5 μm in diameter. Prokaryotic cells for example bacteria and arch
      5 min read
    • Cell Envelope - Definition, Classification, Types, Functions
      All living things are produced using at least one cell. A cell is the most straightforward unit of life and they are liable for keeping a living being alive and working. This prologue to cells is the beginning stage for the area of science that concentrates on the different sorts of cells and how th
      7 min read
    • Ribosomes and Inclusion Bodies
      The cell is the structural and functional unit of life. The prokaryotic cells constitute bacteria, blue-green algae, mycoplasma, and PPLO( Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms). The size of prokaryotic cells is usually small ( 0.1- 5.0 μm ). It has one envelope organization. In prokaryotes, DNA is naked,
      9 min read
    • Eukaryotic Cells
      Eukaryotic cells include all the protists, plants, animals, and fungi. It forms the domain Eukaryota and possesses an organized nucleus with a nuclear envelope. Their genetic material is organized into chromosomes. Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles like Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endo
      7 min read
    • Cell Membrane
      The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, bounds the cell. The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids. It is a selectively permeable membrane that binds the cell and separates the cell from the outside environment. In this article, we will study cell membrane structure, functio
      8 min read
    • Endomembrane System - Overview, Structure, and Functions
      Cell is the fundamental and structural unit of all living entity. It is the biological, structural, and functional unit of all plants and animals. cells are the ‘Building Blocks of Life’ or the ‘Basic units of Life’. Organisms made up of a single cell are ‘unicellular’ whereas organisms made up of m
      6 min read
    • Mitochondria
      Mitochondria is a double membrane organelle present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria generates energy in the form of ATP because of which mitochondria is known as the "powerhouse of the cell". In 1857 Albert von Kolliker first discovered the organelle and Carl Benda in 1898 gav
      7 min read
    • Golgi Apparatus
      Golgi apparatus is an organelle found in most of the eukaryotes. It consists of a series of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae. These cisternae are present one over the other to form the Golgi complex. It is responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles before secretion and therefore plays
      4 min read
    • Plastids - Definition, Classification, Structure, Functions
      Plastids are cell organelles that are found in green plants and algae. Plastids are responsible for containing photosynthetic pigments, other coloring pigments, starch, proteins, fats, etc. substances. The credit for the discovery of plastid goes to Ernst Haeckel, however, the proper definition of p
      5 min read
    • Ribosomes
      Ribosomes are cellular structures responsible for translating genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. Ribosomes are made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. They are the site of protein synthesis. The ribosome structure consists of two subunits, a small subunit and a large subun
      5 min read
    • Cytoskeleton - Definition, Structure, Components, Functions
      The cytoskeleton is an elaborate network of associated protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells. In 1903 Nikolai K.Koltsov coined the term cytoskeleton. It is situated between the membrane of the cell and the cell nucleus. What is Cytoskeleton?The cytoskeleton is a complex structure t
      6 min read
    • Cilia And Flagella - Definition, Structure, Functions and FAQs
      Cilia and Flagella are cell organelles that enable cells to move or protect themselves from their surroundings. The human eye is unable to see these. The prokaryotic flagella are structurally distinct from the eukaryotic flagella. Cilia and Flagella are extensions that help to move substances around
      6 min read
    • What is Nucleus? | Class 11 Biology
      The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. In biology, the cell has the same central position as that of an atom in the physical sciences. The bodies of living organisms are made up of microscopic units called cells. Cells have evolved a variety of different lifestyles
      7 min read

    Chapter 9: Biomolecules

    • Biomolecules - Definition, Structure, Classification, Examples
      Biomolecules is a chemical compound found in living organisms. They are the building blocks of life, essential for the functioning of living organisms. Biomolecules include protein, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes, and nucleic acids. They vary in size and structure. Biomolecules are crucial for life
      8 min read
    • How To Analyze Chemical Composition?
      Biomolecules can be defined as the carbon-containing intensifies which are available in both living and non-living things. They are engaged with the support and metabolic cycles of living creatures. Every one of the components intensifies, which are available to make up every living animal. Biomolec
      4 min read
    • What are Metabolites - Primary and Secondary Metabolites
      Metabolites are the intermediate molecules produced during various metabolic processes. Metabolites produced by plants are of two types - primary and secondary metabolites. The metabolites examples are antibiotics, glucose, amino acids, etc. Metabolite functions include signalling molecules, defence
      6 min read
    • Biomacromolecules - Definition, Types, Functions, Significance
      Biomolecule, also called biological molecules, is any of various substances that are created by cells and living creatures. Biomolecules have many sizes and designs and play out a huge range of capabilities. The four significant kinds of biomolecules are carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. A
      7 min read
    • Proteins - Definition, Structure, Significance, Examples
      Biomolecules seem to be the most important kind of organic molecules since they play a role in the upkeep and metabolic activities of living creatures. These non-living molecules are the true footsoldiers fighting for the sustenance of life, and they play an essential role to lead a healthy life in
      11 min read
    • Polysaccharides
      Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of multiple sugar (monosaccharide) units linked together. They are essential macromolecules in biology and serve various functions in living organisms. Polysaccharides play a crucial role in energy storage, structural support, and cellular recognitio
      6 min read
    • Nucleic Acid - Definition, Function, Structure, and Types
      The nucleic acid is an important molecule in living organisms. Nucleic acid functions as the blueprint for genetic information. Understanding the nucleic acid structure and functions helps in deciphering the genetic code, which contains instructions for building and maintaining living organisms. In
      9 min read
    • Protein Structure - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
      Biomolecules, additionally called natural particles, are any of various substances that are created by cells and living creatures. Biomolecules have many sizes and designs and play out an immense range of capabilities. The four significant sorts of biomolecules are fat, lipids, nucleic acids, and pr
      6 min read
    • Metabolic Basis For Living | CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 9
      Biomolecules are the fundamental building blocks of all living things. They work together to promote various biological processes that are required for life. They differ in structure and size. Hydrogen and oxygen are the two most abundant elements in biomolecules. Within the body, living systems syn
      7 min read
    • Enzymes - Definition, Structure, Classification, Examples
      Enzymes are biological molecules that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical responses in living organisms. They work by lowering the activation energy needed for a response to do, therefore adding the rate of the response without being consumed themselves. Enzymes play pivotal places in colorful na
      11 min read
    • Nature of Enzyme Action
      All the carbon-based compounds that are seen in or produced by living organisms and are necessary to a biological cycle are called biomolecules. Examples of biomolecules include proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Even molecules such as metabolites are considered biomolecules. Enzyme
      4 min read
    • Mechanism of Enzymes Action
      Different types of cells, tissue, and other complex organs together form the human body. Our body releases some chemicals for the effective functioning of the body and to improve biological processes such as respiration, digestion, excretion, and a few other metabolic activities to maintain a health
      10 min read
    • Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
      The factors affecting enzyme activity include temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and the presence of inhibitors or activators. Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes are made up of proteins that are highly specifi
      7 min read
    • Cofactors
      Cofactors are non-protein chemical compounds or metallic ions that are essential for an enzyme's biological activity. They can be organic molecules, called coenzymes, or inorganic ions. The cofactor's function is to assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions by stabilizing transition states, enhancing s
      5 min read
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