Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Last Updated : 28 Mar, 2022 Comments Improve Suggest changes Like Article Like Report Organic substances are divided into three categories: alcohol, phenol, and ether. These compounds have a wide range of industrial and home uses. Alcohol is formed when the hydroxyl (-OH) group binds to a saturated carbon atom. Ether is formed when alcohol is dehydrated. Based on the hydroxyl group, there are three kinds of alcohol: monohydric, dihydric, and trihydric. In hydrocarbon, when we replace one or more hydrogen with another group or groups of atoms a new substance is formed which is completely different from the previous compound. So in that manner, the organic compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by hydroxyl groups are termed as alcohols or phenols. Hydroxyl derivatives of aliphatic hydrocarbons are alcohol whereas phenols are hydroxyl derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons in which the hydroxyl group is directly attached to the carbon atom of the aromatic ring. However, the organic compounds in which the hydrogen atom of a hydrocarbon (aliphatic or aromatic) replace by an alkoxy (OR) or aryloxy(OAR) group are known as ethers. Alcohol Alcohols are chemical molecules in which the -OH group or hydroxyl group replaces the hydrogen atom of an aliphatic carbon. As a result, an alcohol molecule is made up of two parts: one with the alkyl group and the other with the hydroxyl group. It's written as R-OH, with R denoting the alkyl group. The most well-known alcohol is ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, which is widely used in alcoholic beverages, as a preservative for biological specimens, as fuel (gasoline), and as a drug and paint solvent. The suffix -ol is used to the parent chain of the alkane name when designating alcohols. The -OH functional group's location is specified in the name. The parent chain is numbered at the end nearest to where the -OH is placed. CnH2n+1OH is the general formula for alcohol homologous series, where n=1, 2, 3,... Classification of Alcohols Depending on how many –OH groups are connected to the carbon atom chain, alcohols can be classified into two different classes: On the basis of the carbon atoms that are linked to the hydroxyl group: The carbon and oxygen atoms are sp3 hybridized in all of these kinds. Primary (1°) Alcohols - The chemical is primary alcohol if the -OH group is connected to a primary carbon atom (1°, coupled to just one other carbon atom). As a result, the carbon atom carrying the -OH group is only connected to one neighbouring alkyl group. Primary alcohols include the following: ethanol, propan 1-ol, 2 methylpropan 1-ol, etc.Secondary (2°) Alcohols - When the -OH group is connected to a secondary carbon atom (2°, which is coupled to two additional carbon atoms), the chemical is classified as secondary alcohol. As a result, the carbon atom carrying the -OH group is directly connected to two neighbouring alkyl groups, which may be the same or different. The following are some examples: propan 2-ol, butan 2-ol, etc.Tertiary (3°) Alcohols - The compound is tertiary alcohol if the -OH group is connected to a tertiary carbon atom (3°, bonded to three additional carbon atoms). As a result, the carbon atom bearing the -OH group is directly bonded to three neighbouring alkyl groups that can be any combination of the same or different groups. Tertiary alcohols can be found in the following forms: 2 - methylpropan 2-ol, etc.Alcohols are categorised into three types based on the number of hydroxyl groups attached:Monohydric Alcohols - Monohydric alcohols are those with only one hydroxyl group in their molecules. The kind of hybridisation of the carbon atom to which the hydroxyl group is connected further categorises monohydric alcohols as,Alcohols containing C (sp2)–OH bond (Vinylic alcohols): The –OH group is connected to an sp2 hybridised carbon atom, such as vinylic carbon, in these monohydric alcohols. Vinylic alcohols are another name for these alcohols.Alcohols containing C (sp3) – OH bond: Benzylic Alcohols are the alcohols in which the -OH group is linked to the carbon that is sp3 hybridised which is present next to the aromatic ring. e.g. phenyl methanol, etc.Allylic Alcohols are the alcohols in which the hydroxyl group is attached to the sp3 hybridised carbon atom next to the carbon-carbon double bond, i.e., allylic carbon. Allylic alcohol may be primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.Dihydric Alcohols - Dihydric alcohols are alcohols with two hydroxyl groups in their molecules. Propylene glycol is an example of dihydric alcohol.Trihydric Alcohols - Trihydric alcohols are alcohols with three hydroxyl groups in their molecules. Glycerol, for example.Phenol Phenol is a hydroxyl compound that is organic, aromatic and has one or more hydroxyl groups directly linked to the aromatic ring. C6H5OH is the chemical formula for phenol. It is a moderately acidic white crystalline substance that occurs as a byproduct of coal tar distillation. It's a hygroscopic and volatile liquid. It has a sweet aroma and a harsh scorching flavour. It is utilised in the production of a wide range of vital goods, including polymers and antiseptics. Classification of Phenol Phenols are categorised into three categories based on the amount of hydroxyl (–OH) groups connected to the aromatic ring. Monohydric phenols: Monohydric phenols are phenols with only one hydroxyl (–OH) group. e.g. O-cresol, etc.Dihydric phenols: Dihydric phenols are phenols with two hydroxyls (–OH) groups. The phenols can be ortho, meta, or para derivatives. e.g. Catechol, Resorcinol, etc.Trihydric phenols: Trihydric phenols are phenols with three hydroxyls (–OH) groups. e.g. Benzene- 1, 2, 3-triol.Ethers Ethers are a type of organic molecule in which two hydrocarbon groups (alkyl or aryl) are linked together by a single oxygen atom. The R-O-R′ formula is used to express it. The hydrocarbon group in the formula, R′, might be the same as or different from R. Ethers are formed when the hydrogen atom of an alcohol's hydroxyl group is replaced with an alkyl or aryl group. Classification of Ethers Ethers are categorized as simple or symmetrical ethers depending on the alkyl or aryl group attached to an oxygen atom. Symmetrical Ethers - If the two alkyl or aryl groups attached to the oxygen atom are the same is known as symmetrical ethers. e.g. CH3-O-CH3 (Dimethyl ether), CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3 (Diethyl ether). C6H5-O-C6H5 (Diphenyl ether), etc. Unsymmetrical ethers - If the two groups attached to the oxygen atom are different and is known as unsymmetrical ethers. e.g. CH3-O-CH2CH3 (Ethyl methyl ether), C6H5-O-CH3 (Methyl phenyl ether), C6H5-O-CH2C6H5 (Benzyl phenyl ether), etc. Sample Questions Question 1: How to differentiate between alcohol, phenol and ethers? Answer: In the case of alcohol (OH) group means a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom and in phenol hydroxyl group attached to benzene ring while in ether two carbon groups are attached by a single bond with oxygen. Question 2: State whether phenol is an acid or a base? Answer: The nature of the phenol is acidic as it has a tendency to the hydrogen ions from its OH bond, after closing the hydrogen phenoxide ion is formed which is more stable. Question 3: Why ethers are less dense than alcohols? Answer: As there is no hydrogen bond formed by ethers and has more boiling point than those of which forms hydrogen bond i.e., alcohols. So ethers are less dense than alcohols. Question 4: What do you mean by denatured alcohol? Answer: The change in the property of alcohol referred to products adulterated with toxic additives which are unsuitable for the consumption of humans. Question 5: In alcohol or phenol which is more soluble in water and why? Answer: Both alcohol and phenol are soluble in water as bonds can form hydrogen bonds with water but due to the presence of benzene ring means containing a large hydrocarbon group the solubility of phenol is less than alcohol. Comment More infoAdvertise with us Next Article Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers D divyanshirawat366 Follow Improve Article Tags : School Learning Class 12 Chemistry Geeks Premier League Geeks-Premier-League-2022 Chemistry-Class-12 +1 More Similar Reads CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Notes CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Notes: Chemistry is an important subject in CBSE Class 12th. It is a very scoring exam in board exam as well as IIT JEE entrance. By taking help of this CBSE Class 12th Chemistry notes, you can ace the CBSE Class 12th board exam. GeeksforGeeks has compiled the complete notes 9 min read Chapter 1: The Solid StateDifference between Crystalline and Amorphous SolidsA solid state is simply one of the states of matter. One of the many different states of matter is solid. Solids have a distinct volume, mass, and shape. Solids differ from liquids and gases in that they exhibit unique characteristics.  These solid states or shapes depending on how the particles are 7 min read Crystal Lattice and Unit CellIn crystalline solids, their constituent particles have a definite arrangement in three dimensions. The positions of these particles in the crystal relative to each other are usually represented by points. The dispensation of these unendurable sets of points is called a space lattice. The positions 7 min read Calculate the Number of Particles per unit cell of a Cubic Crystal SystemWe are mostly surrounded by solids, which we use more frequently than liquids and gases. We require solids with a wide range of properties for various applications. These properties are determined by the nature of the constituent particles and the binding forces that exist between them. As a result, 5 min read Close Packing in CrystalsIn the formation of crystals, the constituent particles (atoms, ions, or molecules) are closely intertwined. A tightly packed arrangement is one in which maximum available space is occupied by leaving minimum free space. This corresponds to the condition of the maximum possible density. The closer t 7 min read Packing Efficiency of Unit CellA crystal lattice is made up of a relatively large number of unit cells, each of which contains one constituent particle at each lattice point. A three-dimensional structure with one or more atoms can be thought of as the unit cell. Regardless of the packing method, there are always some empty space 10 min read Imperfections or Defects in a SolidMatter can exist in broadly three states named solids, liquids, and gases. Solids are those substances that have short intermolecular forces between them that keep molecules (atoms or ions) closely packed. They have definite mass, volume, and shape. Their intermolecular forces are strong and intermo 11 min read Chapter 2: SolutionsWhat is a Solution?InSolutions are a part of our daily lives because they can be found in almost everything we use in our daily lives, such as soda, deodorant, sugar, salt, and so on. A solution is a type of mixture in which two or more substances combine to form a single solution; it can also be described as simple, 11 min read SolubilitySolubility is a fundamental concept in chemistry that describes the ability of a substance to dissolve in a particular solvent under specific conditions to form a solution. A fluid may or may not dissolve completely in a fluid. Understanding the concept of solubility is essential in many fields of s 12 min read Vapour PressureVapour pressure is the force exerted by a liquid's (or solid's) vapour above the surface of the liquid. At a particular temperature and thermodynamic equilibrium, this pressure is formed in a closed container. The rate of liquid evaporation is controlled by the equilibrium vapour pressure. The vapou 13 min read Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties of any solution is the property of the solution that depends on the ratio of the total number of solute particles and the total number of solvent particles. Changing the moles or number of particles of solute or solvent changes the colligative properties of the solution. These 11 min read Osmosis and Osmotic PressureA solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more particles with particle sizes smaller than one nanometer. Sugar and salt solutions in water, as well as soda water, are common examples of solutions. In a solution, all of the components appear as a single phase. There is particle homogeneity, which 11 min read Abnormal Molar MassesIn chemistry, abnormal molar masses occur when the molar masses are estimated and are higher or lower than the predicted value. The colligative qualities are used to calculate these. Elevation of boiling point, decreased relative vapour pressure, freezing point depression, and alleviation of osmotic 8 min read Chapter 3: ElectrochemistryRedox ReactionsRedox Reactions are oxidation and reduction reactions that happen simultaneously in a chemical reaction and in this, the reactant undergoes a change in its oxidation state. Redox stands for Reduction - Oxidation. Redox reaction is a common term used in both Chemistry and Biology. They are a certain 14 min read Nernst EquationThe electrical potential disparity across the cell membrane of all living cells is called the membrane potential, the inner part of the cell being negative compared to the outside. The magnitude of the membrane potential varies from cell to cell and in an exceptional cell following its functional st 6 min read Conductance of Electrolytic SolutionsElectrochemistry is a branch of chemistry, and it deals with the study of the production of electricity from the energy released during spontaneous chemical reactions and the use of electrical energy to bring about non-spontaneous (requiring the input of external energy) chemical transformation. Ele 10 min read Variation of Conductivity and Molar conductivity with ConcentrationElectrochemistry is the study of chemical reactions that occur in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor (the electrode: a metal or a semiconductor) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte). Electron transfer occurs between the electrode and the electrolyte or species in solution in th 6 min read Equivalent Conductance FormulaElectrochemistry includes the concept of equivalent conductance, which is the conductance of a volume of solution containing one equivalent of an electrolyte. Let's study the idea of the equivalent conductance formula. Equivalent ConductanceThe term "equivalent conductance" refers to the conductance 9 min read ElectrolysisElectrolysis is the process of decomposing the ionic compound into its constituent elements by passing the electric current into the solution of the ionic compound. The concept of electrolysis was first given by the famous scientist of the 19th century Michael Faraday. It is a chemical process that 11 min read Electrochemistry - Cells and BatteriesA collection of electrochemical cells used as a power source is referred to as a battery. An oxidation-reduction reaction forms the basis of an electrochemical cell. In general, every battery is a galvanic cell that generates chemical energy through redox reactions between two electrodes. Batteries 9 min read Galvanic CellGalvanic Cell also called Voltaic Cell is an electrochemical device that converts spontaneous chemical energy generated in a redox reaction into electrical energy. Table of Content What is Galvanic Cell?Cell DefinitionElectrolytic Cell DefinitionElectrochemical Cell DefinitionPrimary Cell & Seco 12 min read Fuel Cells - Definition, Types, Advantages, LimitationsThe study of the link between electrical energy and chemical changes is the subject of electrochemistry, a chemistry subdiscipline. Electrochemical reactions are chemical processes that include the input or creation of electric currents. A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that uses an electroche 10 min read Chapter 4: Chemical KineticsRate of ReactionRate of Reaction or Reaction Rate in chemistry is defined as the speed or the rate at which a chemical reaction takes place. The rate of a Chemical Reaction is directly proportional to the increase in the concentration of a product per unit of time and to the decrease in the concentration of a react 10 min read Factors Affecting Rate of a Chemical ReactionThe rate of reaction is the pace at which the products of a chemical reaction are created from the reactants. It provides some information about the time frame in which a reaction can be accomplished. For example, the reaction rate of cellulose combustion in fire is extremely high, and the reaction 5 min read Integrated Rate LawsIntegrated Rate Law is one of the fundamental concepts in the field of chemical kinetics, which is the branch of chemistry that deals with the speed or rate of reactions and various other factors affecting them. Integrated Rate Law tells us about the rate of the reaction for various different reacti 15+ min read Collision TheoryCollision Theory says that when particles collide (strike) each other, a chemical reaction occurs. However, this is necessary but may not be a sufficient condition for the chemical reaction. The collision of molecules must be sufficient to produce the desired products following the chemical reaction 7 min read Activation Energy FormulaActivation energy of a chemical reaction is defined as the least amount of energy necessary to initiate the reaction. It can be interpreted as the differential in energy content between molecules and atoms that causes it to be in an activation or transition-state configuration while the associated a 4 min read Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a ReactionThe meal cooks slowly if the gas is kept at a low temperature while cooking. When we raise the temperature to its highest setting, however, the food cooks quickly. As a result, increasing the temperature increases the rate of a reaction. The Arrhenius equation helps explain this rate-temperature rel 10 min read Chapter 5: Surface ChemistryAdsorption - Definition, Mechanism and TypesAdsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules to a surface from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solids. This process forms an adsorbate film on the adsorbent's surface. This differs from absorption, which occurs when a fluid dissolves or permeates a liquid or solid. Adsorption is a surface phe 7 min read Adsorption vs AbsorptionAdsorption and Absorption are the two important processes of physical chemistry that help in various industrial processes to manufacture and purification of various chemical compounds. While the two terms sound almost similar there exists a significant difference between them. Adsorption is a surfac 10 min read Catalysis - Definition, Mechanism, Types, CharacteristicsCatalysis in Chemistry is defined as the process in which the rate of the reaction is influenced by the presence of some specific substance. These specific substances are called Catalysts. The catalyst is never consumed during the chemical reaction. A catalyst changes the activation energy of the re 8 min read ColloidsColloids or Colloidal Solution is a type of mixture in which insoluble components are suspended on a microscopic scale in some another component. Colloids are essential components in the daily lives of the common man, as we use or consume colloids and we even don't know. From Jellys to Mayonese to t 11 min read Classification of ColloidsBefore we get into the specifics of how we classify colloids, it's important to first define what a colloid is. A colloid is a material made up of big molecules mixed with another substance in chemistry. This encompasses a wide range of items, many of which you may already have in your house, which 8 min read Emulsions - Definition, Types, Preparation, PropertiesDid you know that "emulsion" comes from the Latin word "mulgeo," which meaning "to milk"? Milk is a fat-water emulsion containing a variety of additional ingredients. But what precisely are Emulsions, and what role do they play in our daily lives and in the workplace? Emulsions are combinations of t 10 min read Chapter 6: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of ElementsOccurrence of Metals, Minerals and OresMetals are a crucial element of our existence, even if we don't realize it. Since the industrial era, we have had a heavy reliance on metals. From construction to jewellery, we use them for everything. But where do we acquire these metals from? Let us look into their occurrence. Before studying the 8 min read What is meant by Concentration of Ores?Metals are found in ore in complexes with other elements. The process of removing metal from its ore is known as metal extraction. The methods of extracting metals from their ores and refining them are referred to as metallurgy. All of the metals cannot be extracted using a single process. Depending 8 min read Occurrence and Extraction of MetalsMetals are minerals or substances that occur naturally beneath the Earth's surface. The majority of metals are lustrous or glossy. Metals are inorganic, which implies they were formed from non-living substances. Metals are typically found in the form of metal ores, which are linked to one another an 6 min read Ellingham DiagramThe Gibbs equation enables us to predict the spontaneity of a process based on enthalpy and entropy measurements. The Ellingham diagram was developed by H.G.T. Ellingham to predict the spontaneity of metal oxide reduction. One of the most straightforward graphical representations of Thermodynamic st 7 min read Oxidation and Reduction ReactionsOxidation and Reduction reactions are simply called Redox reactions. There are chemical reactions in which the oxidation number of the chemical species involved in the reaction changes. Oxidation and reduction Reactions involve a wide variety of processes. For example, oxidation-reduction reactions 8 min read Methods of Refining of MetalsMinerals and ores abound in the earth's crust. Some ores have proven to be a valuable resource for humanity. Iron, for example, derived from iron ore (Hematite), laid the groundwork for the industrial revolution. Aluminium, on the other hand, was a critical strategic resource for aviation during Wor 7 min read Uses of Aluminum, Copper, Zinc and IronThe earth's crust is abundant in minerals and ores. Some ores have proven to be a valuable resource for humanity. Iron, for example, derived from iron ore (Hematite), laid the groundwork for the industrial revolution. Aluminum, on the other hand, was a critical strategic resource for aviation during 8 min read Chapter 7: The p-Block ElementsGroup 15 elements - The Nitrogen FamilyThe contemporary periodic table, devised by Dimitri Mendeleev, lists all known elements according to their atomic number, which is unique to each element. The periodic table was created as a result of such an arrangement. The items with comparable qualities were grouped together in a column. Nitroge 6 min read Dinitrogen - Definition, Preparation, Properties, UsesNitrogen is the lightest element in Periodic Table Group 15, also known as the pnictogens. Dinitrogen, a colourless and odourless diatomic gas with the formula N2, is formed when two atoms of the element join together at STP. Dinitrogen is the most abundant uncombined element, accounting for around 6 min read Ammonia |Structure, Properties, Preparation, UsesAmmonia (NH₃) is a colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor. It is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen and plays a crucial role in both the industrial sector and biological processes. Let's learn about ammonia in detail, including its structure, properties and uses. AmmoniaAmmonia is nitrogen and hy 7 min read Oxides of NitrogenNitrogen combines with oxygen to generate nitrogen oxides in a variety of forms. Its oxides have distinct oxidation states, ranging from +1 to +5. Nitrogen oxides with a greater oxidation state are more acidic than those with a lower oxidation state. Nitrogen Oxides are a combination of gases that i 9 min read Allotropes of PhosphorusDespite the fact that people have been using the periodic table with phosphorus (P) in it for thousands of years, it was not until 1669 that it was isolated and named by a chemist named Brand. Phosphorus is an element that cannot be found naturally in our environment. It is highly reactive. Phosphor 5 min read Phosphine - Structure, Preparation, Properties, UsesThe final electron of a P block element enters one of the three p-orbitals of the shell in which it is found. There are six groups of p-block elements since a p-subshell has three degenerate p-orbitals, each of which may hold two electrons. Because of their tendency to lose an electron, P block elem 5 min read Phosphorus Halides - Structure, Properties, Uses, EffectsPhosphorus is required for life, mostly through phosphates, which are molecules that contain the phosphate ion. Phosphates are found in DNA, RNA, ATP, and phospholipids, which are all complex molecules that are required by cells. Phosphate was first found in human urine, and bone ash was a significa 8 min read Oxoacids of PhosphorusOxoacids are acids that contain oxygen. Phosphorus is one such element that can be used to create a variety of oxoacids. H3PO4, H3PO3, and other common oxyacids The phosphorus atom is tetrahedrally surrounded by other atoms in phosphorus oxoacids. In general, it is obvious that these acids have at l 6 min read ChalcogensChalcogens are the Group 16 elements of the modern periodic table consisting of 5 elements oxygen, sulphur, selenium, tellurium and polonium. The elements in this group are also known as chalcogens or ore-forming elements because many elements can be extracted from sulphide or oxide ores. The chalco 9 min read Dioxygen - Definition, Properties, Preparation, UsesOxygen is a member of the periodic table's chalcogen group, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements and other compounds. Oxygen is the most abundant element on Earth, and it is the third-most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and 5 min read Simple Oxides - Definition, Types, ExamplesOxides are binary chemicals generated when oxygen reacts with other elements. In nature, oxygen is extremely reactive. They create oxides when they react with metals and nonmetals. Based on their acid-base properties, oxides are classified as neutral, amphoteric, basic, or acidic. An acidic oxide is 5 min read Ozone - Preparation, Properties, Uses, EffectsOzone is too reactive to stay in the atmosphere at sea level for long. It is formed from atmospheric oxygen in the presence of sunlight at a height of about 20 kilometres. This ozone layer shields the earth's surface from an excess of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It is an unstable, blue, diamagnetic 7 min read Allotropes of SulphurThe tenth most prevalent element in the universe is sulphur. It can also be found in the form of sulphide in a variety of meteorites. The existence of a sulphur element in molten, gaseous, and solid states gives the Jupiter moon lo its unusual colours. Sulphur is the sixth most prevalent element on 7 min read Sulphur Dioxide - Structure, Preparation, Properties, UsesThe p-block, which spans groups 13 to 18, is located on the right side of the normal periodic table. Their electrical configuration is ns2 np1–6 in general. Despite being the first element in group 18, helium is not part of the p-block. Except for the first row, each row in the table has six p-eleme 8 min read Oxoacids of SulphurOxoacids are oxygen-containing acids. Many oxoacids, such as H2SO4, H2SO3, and others, are known to be formed by sulphur. When sulphur is coordinated to oxygen, it forms a tetrahedral structure in oxoacids. Sulfur oxoacids are sulphur, oxygen, and hydrogen-containing chemical compounds. Sulfuric aci 6 min read Sulfuric Acid - H2SO4Sulfuric Acid or Sulphuric Acid is a mineral acid consisting of one Sulfur, four Oxygen, and two Hydrogen atoms. The chemical or molecular formula of Sulfuric Acid is H2SO4. Sulfuric Acid is one most important commercially used chemicals. It is also known as Mattling acid or Hydrogen Sulfate or Vitr 8 min read Group 17 Elements: The HalogensThe Halogens are the elements in the periodic table of Group 17 of the periodic table. Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine are examples of reactive nonmetals. Halogens are nonmetals that are extremely reactive. These elements have a lot in common in terms of properties. Group 17 elements are kno 8 min read Chlorine (Cl)Chlorine is a chemical element that is represented by the symbol Cl. Chlorine is present in the 17th Group (Halogen Group) and 3rd Period of the Periodic table. Chlorine is the second lightest halogen that lies between Fluorine and Bromine in the halogen group. Chlorine is a yellow-green, pungent-sm 6 min read Hydrogen Chloride - Definition, Preparation, Properties, UsesAs a hydrogen halide, the compound hydrogen chloride has the chemical formula HCl. It is a colourless gas at ambient temperature that emits white fumes of hydrochloric acid when it comes into contact with air-water vapour. In technology and industry, hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid are c 7 min read Oxoacids of Halogens - Definition, Properties, StructureThe elements of Group 17 from top to bottom are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. They are referred to as halogens because they create salt. This group's members are very similar to one another. They have a consistent pattern of physical and chemical features. The valence shell of e 7 min read Interhalogen CompoundsThe p-block elements are known to be those elements in which the electron enters in one of the three orbitals of the p-block. There are 6 groups of p-block elements. The properties of p-block elements are that they are shiny and are good conductor of heat and electricity since they have free electro 6 min read Group 18 Elements - Characteristics of Noble GasesThe group's members have eight electrons in their outermost orbit (except helium which has two electrons). As a result, they have a stable configuration. Group 18 elements are gases that are chemically unreactive, meaning they do not form many compounds. Be a result, the elements are referred to as 7 min read Chapter 8: d- and f-Block ElementsPosition of Elements in the Periodic TableThe elements in the middle of the periodic table, from Group 3 to 12, are referred to as d-block elements. The name d-block comes from the fact that the final electron enters the d-orbital of the penultimate shell. These are frequently referred to as transition elements because their properties fall 6 min read Electronic Configuration of the d-block ElementsElectronic Configuration of the d-block elements are those that can be found in the contemporary periodic table from the third to the twelfth groups. These elements' valence electrons are located in the d orbital. d-block elements are sometimes known as transition elements or transition metals. The 7 min read General Properties of Transition Elements (d-block)Elements with partially filled d orbitals are known as transition elements (sometimes known as transition metals). Transition elements are defined by IUPAC as elements with a partially full d subshell or elements capable of forming stable cations with an incompletely filled d orbital. In general, an 7 min read Lanthanides - Definition, Configuration, PropertiesLanthanides are the contemporary periodic table's rare earth elements, with atomic numbers ranging from 58 to 71 after Lanthanum. Rare earth metals are so-called because these elements are extremely rare (3 × 10-4 % of the Earth's crust). As lanthanide orthophosphates, they are accessible in 'monazi 8 min read Actinides - Definition, Properties, Formation, UsesThe d and f block mainly contains elements that include groups 3-12. The f block has elements in which 4f and 5f are progressively filled. These elements are placed below the periodic table in a separate table. The d and f block elements are majorly known as transition or inner transition elements. 9 min read Some Applications of d and f-block ElementsTransition metals are typically characterized as elements with or capable of forming partially filled 'd' orbitals. Transition elements are d-block elements in groupings of three to eleven. Inner transition metals, which include the lanthanides and actinides, are another name for the f block element 6 min read Chapter 9: Coordination CompoundsImportant Terms pertaining to Coordination CompoundsA coordination compound is made up of a central metal atom or ion that is surrounded by a number of oppositely charged ions or neutral molecules. All the ions or molecules in coordination compounds are connected with coordinate bonds to the central metal atom. When coordination compounds are dissolv 6 min read Nomenclature of Coordination CompoundsThe ability of the transition metals to form the complexes is referred to as coordination compounds. This property is not only applicable to transition metal only but also shown by some other metals. Werner, in 1893 was the first scientist to propose the theory of coordination compounds and also pur 10 min read Metal Carbonyls - OrganometallicsCarbonyls are coordination complexes that are formed by transition metals and the carbonyl ligand i.e. carbon-monoxide ligand. These are also termed homoleptic carbonyls. These complexes have a simple and well-defined structure which is generally tetrahedral and octahedral in nature. Nomenclature of 5 min read Werner's TheoryWerner's Theory of Coordination Compounds was proposed by a Swiss Chemist Alfered Werener in 1898. Werner studied the physical, chemical, and isomeric properties of several coordination compounds and postulated some theories. In this article, we will learn about, Werner's Coordination theory, its po 8 min read Valence Bond Theory in Coordination CompoundsThere have been numerous approaches proposed to explain the nature of bonding in coordination molecules. One of them is the Valence Bond (VB) Theory. The Valence Bond Theory was developed to describe chemical bonding using the quantum mechanics method. This theory is largely concerned with the produ 9 min read Crystal Field TheoryA coordination compound consists of a metal atom or ion at the centre, surrounded by a number of oppositely charged ions or neutral molecules. A coordinate connection connects these ions or molecules to the metal atom or ion. When dissolved in water, they do not dissociate into simple ions. Crystal 7 min read Isomerism in Coordination CompoundsIsomerism in Coordination Compounds as the name suggests explores the concept of Isomerism in Coordination Compounds i.e., generally compounds formed by d-block elements. Isomerism is the phenomenon of exhibiting different molecular structures by the compounds with same molecular formula. The phenom 10 min read Applications of Coordination CompoundsChemical compounds made up of an array of anions or neutral molecules linked to a central atom by coordinate covalent bonds are known as coordination compounds. Coordination compounds are also known as coordination complexes. Ligands are the molecules or ions that are bonded to the central atom (als 7 min read Like